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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Glob Health Gov. 2010 Spring;3(2):http://blogs.shu.edu/ghg/files/2011/11/Lee_Civil-Society-Organizations-and-the-Functions-of-Global-Health-Governance_Spring-2010.pdf.

Table 2.

Functions in the Global Governance of Breastmilk Substitutes

Function Formal/Direct Informal/Indirect
Issue linkage

  • By CSOs (drawing attention to link between health problems and marketing practices)

  • By health workers (reporting of infant and child health problems)
Agenda setting

  • By CSOs and health professionals (campaigning for regulation)
Developing usable knowledge

  • By IGOs (WHO development of evidence base)

  • By CSOs (contribution of evidence from different countries)

  • By scientists (research on infant feeding practices and health)
Monitoring

  • By CSOs (i.e. Breaking the Rules, Stretching the Rules and Look What They’re Doing reports)

  • By business/industry (i.e. monitoring own marketing practices)
Rule making

  • By IGOs (WHO and UNICEF adoption of Code)

  • By other IGOs (FAO, WTO and Codex Alimentarius)

  • By national governments (adoption of code into domestic law)

  • By business/industry (bringing legal action challenging interpretation of Code’s requirements)
Norm development

  • By IGOs (WHO adoption of follow up resolutions)

  • By business/industry (CSR initiatives and legal action challenging reported violations)

  • By CSOs (drawing public attention to Code and violations, promoting breastfeeding)
Policy verification

  • By national governments (reporting progress to WHO)

  • By CSOs (periodic reports on state of the code by country and company)

  • By health workers (e.g. reporting violations to government officials)
Enforcement

  • By national governments (e.g. adoption and enforcement of penalties under domestic law)

  • By CSOs through public approbation (e.g. consumer boycott)

  • By health workers and individuals (e.g. complaints to manufacturers)
Capacity building (technology transfer)

  • By national governments (i.e. providing information on infant feeding)

  • By CSOs (International Code Documentation Centre)

  • By business/industry (only if strictly approved by government)
Capacity building (organizational skills)

  • By CSOs
Promote vertical integration

  • By IGOs and national governments (i.e. promoting code within broader maternal and child health strategy)
Financing

  • By national governments (i.e. allocation of resources for implementing Code)