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A: Progression of histological changes during the process of calcific aortic stenosis. B: Tricuspid aortic valve, showing increasing deposition of calcium and reduction of the aortic annulus. BMP = bone morphogenetic protein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; TNF = tumour necrosis factor; TGF = transforming growth factor. Source: Otto, 2008.[22]
