Table 2.

Results of Linear and Nonlinear Dose–Response Meta‐Analyses

Dairy Type (Increment g/day)	Studies	No Studies (Results)	RR (95% CI), P Value	Heterogeneity I2 (%), P Value	No Events; Total n	Median Intake (g/day),a Range	Knot, P Nonlinearity RR (95% CI) at Knot
Milk (200)	11, 15, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32	14 (16)	0.93 (0.88–0.98), 0.004	86.0; <0.001	25 269; 603 920	147, 0 to 1051	125 g/day, <0.001 0.86 (0.82–0.89)
	Western countries15, 20, 21, 22, 25, 28, 29, 30, 32	9 (10)	0.98 (0.95–1.01), 0.18	47.2; 0.048	11 507; 280 536	266, 0 to 1051
	East Asian countries11, 19, 24, 31	5 (6)	0.82 (0.75–0.90), <0.0001	46.4; 0.10	13 762; 323 384	38, 0 to 232	165 g/day, <0.0001 0.79 (0.75–0.84)
	Ischemic stroke11, 20, 21, 28	5	0.95 (0.89–1.01), 0.09	83.6; <0.001	10 871; 467 529	115, 0 to 1051	115 g/day, 0.03 0.90 (0.85–0.96)
	Hemorrhagic stroke11, 20, 21	4	0.90 (0.74–1.09), 0.29	94.4; <0.001	1237; 158 595	197, 0 to 1051	125 g/day, <0.0001 0.76 (0.70–0.82)
	Fatal stroke11, 15, 19, 29, 30, 31	7 (9)	0.88 (0.81–0.96), 0.002	65.1; 0.003	15 071; 352 105	66, 0 to 757	150 g/day, <0.0001 0.81 (0.77–0.85)
Low‐fat milk (200)	20, 25, 28, 29	4 (5)	0.96 (0.90–1.03), 0.26	68.2; 0.01	5942; 159 547	150, 0 to 783	b
High‐fat milk (200)	20, 25, 28, 29	4 (5)	1.04 (1.02–1.06), 0.001	0.0; 0.65	5942; 159 547	102, 0 to 850	b
Cheese (40)	15, 20, 21, 22, 25, 28, 29	7 (8)	0.97 (0.94–1.01), 0.12	31.2; 0.18	11 126; 272 368	26, 0 to 112	25 g/day, 0.002 0.91 (0.86–0.96)
Yogurt (100)	15, 20, 28	3	1.02 (0.90–1.17), 0.73	47.8; 0.15	4276; 116 555	22, 0 to 214	b
Fermented dairy (200)	15, 21, 22, 25, 29	5 (6)	0.91 (0.82–1.01), 0.08	64.5; 0.02	7414; 160 048	110, 0 to 436
Total dairy (200)	15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 25, 33	9	0.99 (0.96–1.02); 0.42	65.6; 0.003	12 425; 336 118	305, 0 to 2078
	Ischemic stroke20, 21	3	1.00 (0.96–1.04); 0.95	67.6; 0.046	6440; 158 595	347, 2 to 1296
	Hemorrhagic stroke20, 21	3	1.02 (0.98–1.06); 0.41	0; 0.37	1237; 158 595	347, 2 to 1296
	Fatal stroke15, 16, 33	4	0.97 (0.85–1.11); 0.65	65.3; 0.04	1652; 87 576	99, 2 to 571
Low‐fat dairy (200)	15, 21, 22, 23, 29, 33	7 (8)	0.97 (0.95–0.99); 0.005	0.0; 0.65	9372; 242 643	179, 0 to 632	75 g/day, 0.01 0.94 (0.89–1.004)
High‐fat dairy (200)	15, 21, 22, 23, 33	6	0.96 (0.93–0.99); 0.02	0.0; 0.84	9372; 262 643	163, 18 to 497	55 g/day, 0.01 0.94 (0.89–1.004)
Butter (10)	20, 25, 29	3 (4)	1.00 (0.99–1.01), 0.66	0.0; 0.70	2230; 47 227	11, 0 to 79	b

RR indicates relative risk.

^aWeighted according to study size.

^bNot investigated because the number of available studies was ≤3.