Table 3.

Sex‐ and Race‐Stratified Hazard Ratios of Carotid Intima‐Media Thickness and Distensibility Coefficient for Atrial Fibrillation in the ARIC Study^a

Sex‐Stratified
	cIMT Quintiles (mm)					P for Trend	Continuous, per 1 SD (0.20 mm)	P Value
	<0.60	0.60 to <0.67	0.67 to <0.75	0.75 to <0.86	≥0.86
Women
Model 1	1 (ref.)	0.97 (0.76–1.25)	1.18 (0.92–1.51)	1.49 (1.17–1.90)	1.96 (1.54–2.50)	<0.001	1.29 (1.21–1.37)	<0.001
Model 2	1 (ref.)	0.88 (0.69–1.13)	0.99 (0.77–1.26)	1.14 (0.89–1.45)	1.30 (1.01–1.66)	0.005	1.13 (1.06–1.21)	0.0003
Men
Model 1	1 (ref.)	1.07 (0.80–1.45)	1.02 (0.77–1.36)	1.21 (0.92–1.59)	1.65 (1.27–2.15)	<0.001	1.19 (1.13–1.25)	<0.001
Model 2	1 (ref.)	0.98 (0.73–1.32)	0.86 (0.65–1.15)	0.98 (0.74–1.28)	1.25 (0.96–1.63)	0.007	1.12 (1.06–1.18)	<0.001

	DC Quintiles (10−3/kPa)					P for Trend	Continuous, per 1 SD (6.8×10−3/kPa)	P Value
	<11.0	11.0 to <14.0	14.0 to <17.4	17.4 to <21.5	≥21.5
Women
Model 1	1 (ref.)	0.92 (0.72–1.20)	0.82 (0.63–1.06)	0.65 (0.49–0.87)	0.56 (0.41–0.77)	<0.001	0.79 (0.71–0.88)	<0.001
Model 2	1 (ref.)	1.06 (0.82–1.37)	0.99 (0.76–1.31)	0.90 (0.66–1.22)	0.79 (0.56–1.13)	0.16	0.90 (0.80–1.02)	0.09
Model 3	1 (ref.)	1.06 (0.82–1.37)	0.94 (0.72–1.23)	0.83 (0.61–1.11)	0.68 (0.49–0.95)	0.01	0.86 (0.77–0.96)	0.005
Men
Model 1	1 (ref.)	0.85 (0.67–1.09)	0.88 (0.69–1.12)	0.82 (0.63–1.07)	0.71 (0.53–0.95)	0.03	0.90 (0.82–0.99)	0.05
Model 2	1 (ref.)	0.97 (0.76–1.24)	1.05 (0.82–1.36)	1.02 (0.77–1.36)	0.97 (0.70–1.34)	0.95	1.00 (0.90–1.12)	0.98
Model 3	1 (ref.)	0.92 (0.71–1.17)	0.97 (0.76–1.24)	0.91 (0.70–1.20)	0.82 (0.61–1.11)	0.28	0.95 (0.85–1.05)	0.28

Race‐Stratified
	cIMT Quintiles (mm)					P for Trend	Continuous, per 1 SD (0.20 mm)	P Value
	<0.60	0.60 to <0.67	0.67 to <0.75	0.75 to <0.86	≥0.86
White
Model 1	1 (ref.)	1.12 (0.91–1.38)	1.23 (1.01–1.50)	1.54 (1.27–1.86)	2.16 (1.79–2.60)	<0.001	1.22 (1.17–1.28)	<0.001
Model 2	1 (ref.)	0.97 (0.79–1.19)	0.93 (0.76–1.14)	1.05 (0.87–1.28)	1.32 (1.09–1.60)	<0.001	1.12 (1.07–1.17)	<0.001
Black
Model 1	1 (ref.)	0.76 (0.45–1.27)	1.03 (0.64–1.64)	1.27 (0.81–2.00)	1.57 (1.00–2.47)	0.003	1.22 (1.10–1.34)	<0.001
Model 2	1 (ref.)	0.74 (0.44–1.24)	0.90 (0.56–1.43)	1.02 (0.64–1.61)	1.13 (0.72–1.79)	0.15	1.15 (1.04–1.28)	0.01

	DC Quintiles (10−3/kPa)					P for Trend	Continuous, per 1 SD (6.8×10−3/kPa)	P Value
	<11.0	11.0 to <14.0	14.0 to <17.4	17.4 to <21.5	≥21.5
White
Model 1	1 (ref.)	0.96 (0.79–1.17)	0.92 (0.75–1.12)	0.83 (0.67–1.02)	0.67 (0.53–0.85)	<0.001	0.87 (0.80–0.94)	0.0004
Model 2	1 (ref.)	1.09 (0.89–1.33)	1.09 (0.89–1.35)	1.05 (0.84–1.32)	0.94 (0.72–1.22)	0.72	0.97 (0.89–1.06)	0.51
Model 3	1 (ref.)	1.07 (0.88–1.32)	1.05 (0.85–1.29)	0.97 (0.78–1.21)	0.80 (0.62–1.02)	0.08	0.92 (0.85–0.99)	0.04
Black
Model 1	1 (ref.)	0.72 (0.50–1.05)	0.68 (0.45–1.01)	0.44 (0.26–0.75)	0.49 (0.28–0.87)	<0.001	0.70 (0.57–0.85)	0.0004
Model 2	1 (ref.)	0.80 (0.55–1.18)	0.83 (0.54–1.26)	0.61 (0.35–1.07)	0.72 (0.39–1.33)	0.12	0.84 (0.68–1.05)	0.13
Model 3	1 (ref.)	0.76 (0.52–1.13)	0.75 (0.49–1.13)	0.53 (0.31–0.92)	0.60 (0.33–1.08)	0.02	0.77 (0.63–0.95)	0.01

Model 1: Cox proportional hazard model adjusted for age and race. Model 2: model 1+adjusted for height, weight, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medication, current smoking, diabetes, history of heart failure, and history of myocardial infarction. Model 3: model 1+use of antihypertensive medication, current smoking, diabetes, history of heart failure, and history of myocardial infarction. P for sex interaction (cIMT, model 2)=0.51, P for race interaction (cIMT, model 2)=0.61. P for sex interaction (DC, model 2)=0.65, P for race interaction (DC, model 2)=0.30. ARIC indicates Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities; cIMT, carotid intima‐media thickness; DC, distensibility coefficient.

^aAnalyses for cIMT and DC were based on 13 595 and 10 300 participants, respectively.