Table 1.
Study Sample Characteristics
| Parameters | Women (n=746) | Men (n=837) |
|---|---|---|
| Clinical characteristics | ||
| Age, y | 46.1 (5.7) | 44.0 (6.3) |
| Smoking (%) | ||
| Never | 49.5 (369) | 59.4 (497) |
| Former | 36.6 (273) | 25.4 (213) |
| Current | 13.9 (104) | 15.2 (127) |
| Alcohol use (%)a | 14.7 (110) | 15.5 (130) |
| Postmenopausal status (%) | 24.8 (185) | — |
| Hormone replacement therapy (%) | 9.1 (68) | — |
| Physical activity indexb | 36.4 (6.1) | 38.3 (8.9) |
| Adiposity measures | ||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.2 (5.9) | 27.7 (4.3) |
| Waist circumference, cm | 89.8 (15.5) | 98.3 (11.4) |
| Subcutaneous adipose tissue, cm3 | 2937 (1567) | 2477 (1166) |
| Visceral adipose tissue, cm3 | 1104 (727) | 1924 (872) |
| Liver phantom ratioc | 0.36 (0.05) | 0.36 (0.06) |
| Biomarkersd | ||
| Adiponectin, μg/mL | 10.4 (6.7–15.6) | 5.4 (3.5–8.3) |
| Leptin, ng/mL | 13.0 (6.9–26.0) | 4.22 (2.6–7.1) |
| Leptin receptor, ng/mL | 18.1 (11.7–24.9) | 18.6 (12.0–24.1) |
| Fatty acid binding protein 4, ng/mL | 19.6 (13.9–27.3) | 15.1 (11.2–19.4) |
| Fetuin‐A, mg/L | 419.7 (313.3–542.7) | 396.6 (311.6–508.2) |
| Retinol binding protein 4, ng/mL | 37.0 (30.8–44.5) | 43.4 (37.5–50.3) |
Unless otherwise indicated, data are shown as means (standard deviations) for continuous variables or proportions (counts) for categorical variables.
a
Defined as >7 drinks weekly for women and >14 drinks weekly for men.
b
The physical activity index has been previously described.35 The physical activity index ranges from a minimum score of 24, indicating 24 hours of sleeping, to a maximum score of 120, indicating 24 hours of heavy physical activity.
c
The liver phantom ratio reflects the relative degree of liver attenuation assessed by multidetector computed tomography and thus serves as a surrogate for the amount of fat in the liver.
d
Described as medians (25th–75th percentiles) because of their skewed distribution.