TMS results. (A) TMS to FEF decreased subjects’ ability to follow the spatial cue, as quantified by the RT difference between unattended and attended stimuli. (B) TMS to DLPFC decreased subjects’ ability to follow speed/accuracy instruction, as quantified by the RT difference between accuracy and speed trials. (C) TMS to aPFC increased subjects’ metacognitive scores, as quantified by the Type 2 AUC curve. The increase was similar but smaller for DLPFC. The left error bars represent the within-subject SE for the comparison with FEF (A), DLPFC (B), and aPFC (C). The error bar for the comparison site is the same as the S1 error bar. The right error bars represent the between-subject SE, and are not indicative of the significance of the effects.