Table 2.
Mean pupillary light reflex (PLR) and conventional autonomic test (CAT) parameters, by Chagas disease and diabetes status
| (A) Control patients |
(B) Chagas disease patients |
(C) Diabetic patients |
P value* |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean | 95% CI | N | Mean | 95% CI | N | Mean | 95% CI | A vs. B | A vs. C | B vs. C | |
| PLR parameters† | ||||||||||||
| Baseline pupil radius | 30 | 23.79 | 22.72, 24.87 | 94 | 23.00 | 22.22, 23.78 | 34 | 21.10 | 19.78, 22.42 | 0.30 | < 0.01 | 0.01 |
| Latency to onset of constriction | 30 | 0.21 | 0.19, 0.22 | 94 | 0.22 | 0.21, 0.22 | 34 | 0.26 | 0.23, 0.29 | 0.21 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 |
| Maximum constriction velocity | 29 | −3645.1 | −4086.2, −3204.0 | 91 | −3318.9 | −3490.2, −3147.5 | 33 | −2771.1 | −3034.2, −2508.0 | 0.10 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 |
| Amplitude of pupillary reaction | 30 | 7.61 | 6.98, 8.25 | 94 | 6.93 | 6.57, 7.29 | 34 | 6.57 | 5.97, 7.17 | 0.09 | < 0.01 | 0.33 |
| Latency of maximum constriction | 30 | 0.77 | 0.76, 0.79 | 94 | 0.78 | 0.76, 0.80 | 34 | 0.77 | 0.74, 0.80 | 0.70 | 0.93 | 0.76 |
| Redilation latency | 30 | 0.68 | 0.66, 0.69 | 94 | 0.69 | 0.67, 0.71 | 34 | 0.68 | 0.65, 0.71 | 0.63 | 0.69 | 0.92 |
| Maximum redilation velocity | 30 | 1394.9 | 724.5, 2065.3 | 94 | 1244.0 | 865.3, 1622.7 | 34 | 1065.40 | 435.7, 1695.2 | 0.02 | 0.21 | 0.74 |
| Time to 75% redilation | 30 | 1.00 | 0.93, 1.08 | 94 | 0.98 | 0.94, 1.02 | 34 | 0.96 | 0.89, 1.03 | 0.59 | 0.22 | 0.60 |
| Constriction ratio | 30 | 0.54 | 0.50, 0.57 | 94 | 0.52 | 0.50, 0.54 | 34 | 0.51 | 0.48, 0.54 | 0.50 | 0.14 | 0.59 |
| Reaction ratio | 30 | 0.68 | 0.67, 0.69 | 94 | 0.69 | 0.67, 0.71 | 34 | 0.68 | 0.65, 0.71 | 0.60 | 0.95 | 0.64 |
| CAT parameters | ||||||||||||
| Orthostatic ratio | 31 | 1.26 | 1.21, 1.31 | 87 | 1.21 | 1.18, 1.24 | 34 | 1.14 | 1.09, 1.19 | 0.11 | < 0.01 | 0.02 |
| ≤ 1.0 | 0 | 0.0‡ | – | 2 | 2.3‡ | 0.3, 8.1 | 3 | 8.8‡ | 1.9, 23.7 | 1.00§ | 0.24§ | 0.13§ |
| > 1.0 | 31 | 100.0‡ | – | 85 | 97.7‡ | 91.9, 99.7 | 31 | 91.2‡ | 76.3, 98.1 | |||
| I : E ratio | 31 | 1.22 | 1.18, 1.27 | 91 | 1.18 | 1.15, 1.20 | 34 | 1.16 | 1.12, 1.20 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.44 |
| Valsalva ratio | 30 | 1.41 | 1.32, 1.49 | 87 | 1.33 | 1.28, 1.39 | 34 | 1.31 | 1.23, 1.39 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.66 |
| ≤ 1.2 | 8 | 26.7‡ | 12.3, 45.9 | 24 | 27.6‡ | 18.5, 38.2 | 13 | 38.2‡ | 22.2, 56.4 | 1.00§ | 0.43§ | 0.28§ |
| < 1.2 | 22 | 73.3‡ | 54.1, 87.7 | 63 | 72.4‡ | 61.8, 81.5 | 21 | 61.8‡ | 43.6, 77.8 | |||
95% CI = 95% confidence interval.
*
P value calculated by T-tests between each pair of disease profile groups (A, B, C), except as specified by the symbol “§” indicating use of a Fischer's exact test.
†
Units for pupillometric variables were pixels for static distances, seconds for time, and pixels per second for velocity metrics.
‡
Instead of a mean value, this number represents the percentage of patients with disease profile with CAT value as described.