Table 3.
Adjusted mean pupillary light reflex (PLR) and conventional autonomic test (CAT) parameters,* by Chagas disease and diabetes status
| (A) Control patients |
(B) Chagas disease patients |
(C) Diabetic patients |
P value† |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean | 95% CI | N | Mean | 95% CI | N | Mean | 95% CI | A vs. B | A vs. C | B vs. C | |
| PLR parameters‡ | ||||||||||||
| Baseline pupil radius | 30 | 29.16 | 26.65, 31.68 | 94 | 29.40 | 26.88, 31.92 | 34 | 28.04 | 25.14, 30.94 | 0.75 | 0.22 | 0.06 |
| Latency to onset of constriction | 30 | 0.16 | 0.13, 0.2 | 94 | 0.17 | 0.14, 0.21 | 34 | 0.21 | 0.17, 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
| Maximum constriction velocity | 29 | −5253.8 | −6150.8, −4356.7 | 91 | −5134.0 | −5837.2, −4430.9 | 33 | −4741.90 | −5520.4, −3963.3 | 0.51 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
| Amplitude of pupillary reaction | 30 | 8.66 | 7.32, 10 | 94 | 8.12 | 6.78, 9.47 | 34 | 7.95 | 6.4, 9.49 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.65 |
| Latency of maximum constriction | 30 | 0.74 | 0.69, 0.78 | 94 | 0.75 | 0.69, 0.81 | 34 | 0.74 | 0.67, 0.8 | 0.63 | 0.97 | 0.66 |
| Redilation latency | 30 | 0.64 | 0.59, 0.69 | 94 | 0.65 | 0.59, 0.7 | 34 | 0.64 | 0.58, 0.71 | 0.61 | 0.83 | 0.79 |
| Maximum redilation velocity | 30 | 1131.6 | −35.6, 2298.8 | 94 | 1021.6 | 245.0, 1798.1 | 34 | 814.96 | −443.2, 2073.2 | 0.09 | 0.24 | 0.77 |
| Time to 75% redilation | 30 | 0.87 | 0.72, 1.02 | 94 | 0.83 | 0.68, 0.98 | 34 | 0.80 | 0.63, 0.98 | 0.41 | 0.24 | 0.52 |
| Constriction ratio | 30 | 0.50 | 0.43, 0.57 | 94 | 0.48 | 0.41, 0.55 | 34 | 0.47 | 0.39, 0.55 | 0.39 | 0.26 | 0.60 |
| Reaction ratio | 30 | 0.70 | 0.64, 0.76 | 94 | 0.72 | 0.66, 0.78 | 34 | 0.71 | 0.64, 0.78 | 0.31 | 0.71 | 0.56 |
| CAT parameters | ||||||||||||
| Orthostatic ratio | 31 | 1.39 | 1.28, 1.51 | 87 | 1.37 | 1.26, 1.49 | 34 | 1.32 | 1.19, 1.45 | 0.48 | 0.05 | 0.07 |
| ≤ 1.0 | 0 | 0.0§ | – | 2 | 1.5§ | 0, 65.6 | 3 | 4.8§ | 0, 89.7 | – | – | 0.27 |
| > 1.0 | 31 | 100.0§ | – | 85 | 98.5§ | 34.4, 99.9 | 31 | 95.2§ | 10.3, 99.9 | |||
| I : E ratio | 31 | 1.39 | 1.28, 1.51 | 91 | 1.37 | 1.26, 1.48 | 34 | 1.37 | 1.25, 1.49 | 0.37 | 0.43 | 0.92 |
| Valsalva ratio | 30 | 1.57 | 1.39, 1.74 | 87 | 1.54 | 1.34, 1.73 | 34 | 1.52 | 1.32, 1.72 | 0.58 | 0.48 | 0.76 |
| ≤ 1.2 | 8 | 27.6§ | 6.5, 67.8 | 24 | 21.0§ | 4.4, 60.3 | 13 | 31.4§ | 6, 76.6 | 0.48 | 0.76 | 0.25 |
| < 1.2 | 22 | 72.4§ | 32.2, 93.5 | 63 | 79.0§ | 39.7, 95.6 | 21 | 68.6§ | 23.4, 94 | |||
95% CI = 95% confidence interval.
Adjusted for age, sex, and use of any of the following medications: calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, spironolactone, diuretics, aspirin, anticoagulants, statins, thyroid supplements, digoxin, amiodarone, or contraceptives.
P values calculated by T-tests between each pair of disease profile groups (A, B, C).
Units for pupillometric variables were pixels for static distances, seconds for time, and pixels per second for velocity metrics.
Instead of a mean value, this number represents the percentage of patients with disease profile with CAT value as described.