Table 4.

Adjusted means of pupillary light reflex and conventional autonomic testing parameters, by diabetes status^*

	Patients without diabetes			Patients with diabetes			P value
	N	Mean	95% CI	N	Mean	95% CI
Pupillometric parameters†
Baseline pupil radius	124	29.28	26.88, 31.68	34	27.97	25.11, 30.83	0.06
Latency to onset of constriction	124	0.17	0.13, 0.21	34	0.21	0.16, 0.26	< 0.01
Maximum constriction velocity	120	−5191.28	−5788.25, −4594.32	33	−4772.83	−5478.33, −4067.33	0.02
Amplitude of pupillary reaction	124	8.55	7.60, 9.50	34	8.04	6.91, 9.18	0.07
Latency of maximum constriction	124	0.74	0.67, 0.81	34	0.73	0.65, 0.82	0.72
Redilation latency	124	0.64	0.58, 0.71	34	0.64	0.57, 0.72	0.87
Maximum redilation velocity	124	1393.94	809.79, 2455.67	34	1377.69	681.77, 2073.62	0.92
Time to 75% redilation	124	0.85	0.71, 0.99	34	0.82	0.65, 0.99	0.39
Constriction ratio	124	0.49	0.42, 0.55	34	0.48	0.39, 0.55	0.46
Reaction ratios	124	0.71	0.65, 0.77	34	0.71	0.64, 0.78	0.72
Autonomic parameters
Orthostatic ratio	118	1.39	1.29, 1.48	34	1.33	1.21, 1.44	0.05
≤ 1.0‡	2	0.8	0.0, 45.6	3	3.5	0.0, 85.2	0.16
> 1.0‡	116	99.2	54.4, 100.0	31	96.5	24.8, 100.0
Valsalva ratio	117	1.55	1.38, 1.73	34	1.53	1.32, 1.74	0.65
≤ 1.2‡	32	24.4	5.8, 62.8	13	33.8	6.8, 78.1	0.32
> 1.2‡	85	75.6	37.2, 94.2	21	66.2	21.9, 93.2
I : E ratio	122	1.38	1.30, 1.47	34	1.38	1.28, 1.48	0.76

95% CI = 95% confidence interval.

^*Adjusted for sex, age, and use of the following medications: statins, spironolactone, diuretics, amiodarone, warfarin, calcium channel blockers, aspirin, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, beta-blockers, and proton-pump inhibitors.

^†Units for pupillometric variables were pixels for static distances, seconds for time, and pixels per second for velocity metrics.

^‡Percentage (95% confidence interval), otherwise mean (95% CI).