Table 5.
Adjusted means of pupillary light reflex parameters* by conventional autonomic test results in diabetic patients†
| Variable | Normal I : E/orthostatic/Valsalva ratio | Abnormal I : E/orthostatic/Valsalva ratio | P value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean | 95% CI | N | Mean | 95% CI | ||
| Baseline pupil radius | 20 | 28.44 | 21.88, 35.01 | 13 | 26.00 | 19.24, 32.77 | 0.06 |
| Latency to onset of constriction | 20 | 0.22 | 0.05, 0.39 | 13 | 0.28 | 0.11, 0.46 | 0.04 |
| Maximum constriction velocity | 20 | −3850.6 | −5371.6, −2329.5 | 12 | −3183.2 | −4769.1, −1606.24 | 0.04 |
| Amplitude of pupillary reaction | 20 | 6.26 | 3.95, 8.56 | 13 | 5.58 | 3.21, 7.95 | 0.14 |
| Latency of maximum constriction | 20 | 0.67 | 0.56, 0.78 | 13 | 0.66 | 0.55, 0.78 | 0.78 |
| Redilation latency | 20 | 0.58 | 0.46, 0.69 | 13 | 0.60 | 0.46, 0.68 | 0.75 |
| Maximum redilation velocity | 20 | 1446.9 | −725.3, 3619.1 | 13 | 2002.9 | −232.9, 4238.8 | 0.19 |
| Time to 75% redilation | 20 | 0.43 | 0.21, 0.65 | 13 | 0.41 | 0.18, 0.63 | 0.66 |
| Constriction ratio | 20 | 0.37 | 0.26, 0.47 | 13 | 0.37 | 0.26, 0.47 | 0.91 |
| Reaction ratio | 20 | 0.81 | 0.73, 0.88 | 13 | 0.80 | 0.72, 0.88 | 0.95 |
95% CI = 95% confidence interval.
*
Units for pupillometric variables were pixels for static distances, seconds for time, and pixels per second for velocity metrics.
†
Adjusted for age, sex, and use of selected medications (statins, spironolactone, diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, beta-blockers, and proton-pump inhibitors).