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(a) The union of TGFβ to its receptor activates both the canonical and noncanonical signaling pathways. (b) TGFβ inhibits the proliferative response, either by inhibiting the production of the IL-2 growth factor or by controlling the expression of regulatory factors of the cell cycle. (c) TGFβ has a key role in the differentiation of Th17 and Treg cells.
