Table 3. Literature review of outbreaks or clusters due to Candida parapsilosis complex.
| No. | Year of report | Country | Ward or ICU | No. and sources of isolates (patients/HCWs/environment) | Duration | Identification of possible source of outbreak | C. parapsilosis | Genotyping method (s) | Author [reference] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.* | 2010 | Mexico | NICU | 6/2/0 | NA | Yes (HCW’s hand) | sensu stricto | RAPD | Hernandez-Castro et al.13 |
| 2.* | 2011 | Portugal | NICU | 28/7/0 | NA | Yes (HCW’s hand) | sensu stricto | Microsatellite | Vaz et al.14 |
| 3. | 2012 | Brazil | NICU | 36/71/0 | 7 y | Yes (HCW’s hand) | sensu stricto | PFGE, RAPD | Miranda et al.15 |
| 4. | 2012 | Italy | NICU | 19/0/0 | 4 y | No | complex | Microsatellite, PFGE MALDI-TOF MS | Pulcrano et al.16 |
| 5. | 2012 | USA | NICU | 64/0/0 | 3.5–9 y | No | sensu stricto | Microsatellite | Reiss et al.17 |
| 6. | 2013 | Italy | NICU | 27/0/0 | 4 y | No | sensu stricto | Microsatellite | Romeo et al.18 |
| 7. | 2004 | Italy | Pediatric oncology unit | 27/3/1 | 4 m | Yes (HCW’s hand) | complex | Electrophoretic karyotyping | Barchiesi et al.22 |
| 8. | 2004 | Spain | Pediatric ICU | 9/0/0 | 2 y | No | complex | Electrophoretic karyotyping, RAPD | Garcia et al.23 |
| 9.* | 2004 | the United States | NA | 5/3/0 | 10 m | Yes (HCW’s hand) | complex | DNA fingerprinting | Kuhn et al.24 |
| 10. | 2008 | Turkey | Neurological ICU (adults) | 4/0/0 | 2 w | No | sensu stricto | RAPD | Dizbay et al.25 |
| 11. | 2009 | Sweden | Haematology ward | 4/0/0 | 1 m | No | complex | Microsatellite, RAPD | Brillowska-Dabrowska et al.26 |
| 12.* | 2012 | Austria | Cardiothoracic SICU | 99/0/0 | 2 y | No | sensu stricto | Microsatellite, automated repetitive sequence based PCR | Diab-Elschahawi et al.27 |
| 13 | 2010–2014 | China | General surgery ward, general ICU, VIP ward | 152/0/0 | 4 y | No | sensu stricto | Microsatellite | Wang et al. [present report] |
The table summarizes 13 outbreaks or clusters (including the present study) due to the presence of the C. parapsilosis complex in neonatal ICU (no. 1–6) and other hospital settings (no. 7–12) and that in the present report (no. 13).
HCW, healthcare worker; ICU, intensive care unit; MALDI-TOF MS, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry; NA, not available; NICU, neonate ICU; PFGE, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis; RAPD, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA; SICU, surgical ICU; VIP, very important person.
*Indicates a prospective study, otherwise a retrospective study.