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. 2016 Jun 2;6:27217. doi: 10.1038/srep27217

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Copyright © 2016, Macmillan Publishers Limited

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Uncoated, coated and post-application SEM images of TPs (a,c,e respectively) and NPs (b,d,f respectively); delivered fluorescent dye in skin, viewed form above and in transverse section for TPs (g,h respectively) and NPs (i,j respectively); top-down CryoSEM view of skin surface puncture during TP in-situ placement (k) and immediately following application showing closed sin perforations (l); (m) shows in-situ CryoSEM image of skin impressions from TPs, with an arrow indicating lines of the cutting/puncturing surface; a comparison of skin surface healing following TP and NP application is shown by TEWL changes over time (n); (o) shows that the TP reaches a significantly deeper location of antigen delivery in the skin, derived from fluorescent section measurement (***p < 0.001); delivered dose of vaccine is compared between high (50 ng) and low (5 ng) dose on the TP and NP, applied to skin in p (*p < 0.05). Statistics show mean ± standard deviation, significance is by one-way ANOVA. Bars a–f, k, l = 100 μm, g, j = 200 μm, h, j = 500 μm, m = 50 μm.