Table 4.
NOD-like receptors.
| Gene name | NLR | Pathogen or disturbance | Downstream effectors, function, and regulation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nlrp3 | NLRP3 | Cellular stress | Activates caspase-1 through ASC |
| ER stress | |||
| And ATP | Inhibited by NO from iNOS (S-nitrosylation) | ||
| Monosodium urate, alum | |||
| Nlrc4 | NLRC4 | Bacterial type III (T3SS) and IV (T4SS) secretion system, cytosolic flagellin | Activates caspase-1 to activate IL-1 and IL-18, blocks STING pathway |
| Nlrc3 | NLRC3 | HSV | Blocks STING pathway |
| Nlrp1a | NLRP1A | Lethal toxin (LT) of Bacillus anthracis (mouse) | |
| Nlrp1b | NLRP1B | Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and titanium dioxide (human) | |
| Nlrp1c | NLRP1C | ||
| Nlrp6 | NLRP6 [PYPAF5] | Pathobiont bacteria, Bacteroidetes (Prevotellaceae), and TM7 microbiota | Blocks NFkB and MAPK pathway, activates caspase-1, inflammasome |
| Nlrp7 | NLRP7 | Mycoplasma acylated lipopeptide (acLP) | Inflammasome: hydatidiform |
| Nlrp12 | NLRP12 | Yersinia, malaria | Inflammasome function, inhibits NFkB and MAPK |
| Nlrc5 | NLRC5 | Bacteria, PAMPs, DAMPs, rhinovirus | Inflammasome function |
| MHC class I gene expression | |||
| Aim2 | AIM2 | Cytosolic DNA | Activates Caspase-1 through ASC |
| Pycard | ASC | Common adaptor for inflammasome activation | Activates caspase-8 and -9 |
| Naip1 | NAIP1 | NAIPs provide ligand specificity to the NLRC4 inflammasome. | Naip1, 2, 5, and 6 provide ligand specificity to the NLRC4 inflammasome. Specifically, Naip1 detects the bacterial rod, and Naip5 and 6 detect bacterial flagellins (61). The Naips are involved in expulsion of salmonella-infected enterocytes (62). |
| Naip2 | NAIP2 | ||
| Naip4 | NAIP4 | ||
| Naip6 | NAIP6 |