Schematic illustration of the motor responses elicited with TMS of the M1 (1), foraminal electromagnetic stimulation (2), and supramaximal distal nerve stimulation (3). CMAP: Compound motor action potential; MEP: motor evoked potential (note that the MEP is also a CMAP but transcranially evoked), PML: peripheral motor latency (conduction time from neuroforamen to muscle), CML: cortical motor latency (conduction time from cortex to muscle), CMCT: central motor conduction time (calculated as difference between CML and PML). Note that this method of CMCT estimation includes the very proximal peripheral conduction time until the neuroforamen.