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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Oct 26.
Published in final edited form as: Sci Signal. 2016 Apr 26;9(425):ra41. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aad4949

Fig. 2. Schematic of the signaling pathways regulating the initation of protein synthesis.

Fig. 2

The insulin signaling pathway, which includes AMPK and mTOR, is one pathway that regulates protein synthesis initiation. When AMPK is activated, it inhibits mTORC1 activity either through phosphorylation of TSC or Raptor. The binding of mTOR and Raptor is necessary for mTORC1 formation and subsequent phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase (S6K) or 4EBP2. Phosphorylation (activation) of S6K facilitates translation initiation by its phosphorylation of S6 ribosomal protein (S6). When 4EBP2 is phosphorylated (inhibited), eIF4E is able to form a complex with eukaryotic initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) to start cap-dependent translation.