Table 2.
Unweighted association of opioid use exposure (OAU) with outcome and covariates, by healthcare organization
| VA (n=5,400) | BSWH (n=842) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Outcome/covariates, n(%) | No OAU (n=2591) | OAU (n=2809) | p-value | No OAU (n=447) | OAU (n=395) | p-value |
| Incident depression recurrence (yes) | 1557 (60.1) | 1621 (57.7) | .075 | 200 (44.7) | 152 (38.5) | 0.066 |
| Age, mean(sd) | 52.2 (±13.5) | 48.7 (±11.1) | <.0001 | 42.0 (±16.2) | 42.3 (±14.0) | 0.776 |
| Gender: male | 2275 (87.8) | 2412 (85.9) | .036 | 111 (24.8) | 90 (22.8) | 0.487 |
| Race: White | 2126 (82.1) | 2166 (77.7) | <.0001 | 355 (79.4) | 321 (81.3) | 0.501 |
| Insurance | ||||||
| VA only | 1773 (68.4) | 2087 (74.3) | <.0001 | -- | -- | -- |
| Medicare | -- | -- | -- | 65 (14.5) | 39 (9.9) | 0.040 |
| Marital status: Married | 1138 (43.9) | 1180 (42.0) | .156 | -- | -- | -- |
| Psychiatric comorbidities a | ||||||
| PTSD | 529 (20.4) | 996 (35.5) | <.0001 | < 5 | < 5 | 0.670 |
| Other anxiety b | 599 (23.1) | 866 (30.8) | <.0001 | 63 (14.1) | 68 (17.2) | 0.212 |
| Nicotine dependence/history of smoking | 967 (37.3) | 1448 (51.6) | <.0001 | 29 (6.5) | 43 (10.9) | 0.023 |
| Alcohol abuse/dependence | 806 (31.1) | 1111 (39.6) | <.0001 | 17 (3.8) | 19 (4.8) | 0.471 |
| Any illicit drug abuse/dependence | 568 (21.9) | 902 (32.1) | <.0001 | 7 (1.6) | 12 (3.0) | 0.151 |
| Metabolic/Cardiovasc comorbidities a | ||||||
| Diabetes Type II | 636 (24.6) | 951 (33.9) | <.0001 | 54 (12.1) | 68 (17.2) | 0.035 |
| Hypertension | 1541 (59.5) | 1989 (70.8) | <.0001 | 152 (34.0) | 162 (41.0) | 0.036 |
| Cardiovascular disease c | 1664 (64.2) | 2190 (78.0) | <.0001 | 205 (45.9) | 219 (55.4) | 0.006 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 279 (10.8) | 447 (15.9) | <.0001 | 47 (10.5) | 36 (9.1) | 0.496 |
| Obesity diagnosis | 725 (28.0) | 1157 (41.2) | <.0001 | 69 (15.4) | 95 (24.1) | 0.002 |
| Other comorbidities a | ||||||
| Low T | 41 (1.6) | 96 (3.4) | <.0001 | < 5 | < 5 | 0.020 |
| Sleep apnea | 111 (4.3) | 329 (11.7) | <.0001 | 31 (6.9) | 42 (10.6) | 0.057 |
| Painful conditions a | ||||||
| Arthritis | 1357 (52.4) | 2297 (81.8) | <.0001 | 202 (45.2) | 240 (60.8) | <.0001 |
| Back pain | 1024 (39.5) | 2025 (72.1) | <.0001 | 186 (41.6) | 233 (59.0) | <.0001 |
| Headaches | 407 (15.7) | 904 (32.2) | <.0001 | 112 (25.1) | 130 (32.9) | 0.012 |
| Musculoskeletal pain | 833 (32.2) | 1896 (67.5) | <.0001 | 222 (49.7) | 269 (68.1) | <.0001 |
| Neuropathic pain | 396 (15.3) | 927 (33.0) | <.0001 | 54 (12.1) | 84 (21.3) | 0.0003 |
| Maximum pain score, mean (sd) | 6.9 (±3.0) | 9.0 (±1.5) | <.0001 | -- | -- | -- |
| Healthcare utilizationd: Top 25th percentile | 528 (20.4) | 1285 (45.8) | <.0001 | 164 (36.7) | 75 (19.0) | <.0001 |
a
Comorbidities occurring before incident depression relapse
b
Other anxiety disorders = panic disorder, OCD, social phobia, GAD, Anxiety NOS
c
Cardiovascular disease = hyperlipidemia, ischemic heart disease, diseases of pulmonary circulation, other heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, myocardial infarction
d
top 25th percentile of the distribution of average health care encounters per month