Table 3.
Weighted by inverse probability of opioid use exposure, association (%) of opioid use exposure (OAU) with covariates, by healthcare organization
| VA (n=5,400) | BSWH (n=842) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Covariates, (%) | No OAU (n=2591) | OAU (n=2809) | p-value | No OAU (n=447) | OAU (n=395) | p-value |
| Age, mean(sd) | 50.5 (±12.4) | 50.2 (±12.2) | .406 | 42.1 (±15.4) | 42.0 (±14.8) | 0.932 |
| Gender: male | 86.5 | 86.5 | .964 | 24.4 | 22.9 | 0.624 |
| Race: White | 79.3 | 78.6 | .531 | 78.9 | 79.7 | 0.764 |
| Insurance | ||||||
| VA only | 70.3 | 72.0 | .179 | -- | -- | -- |
| Medicare | -- | -- | -- | 12.1 | 12.6 | 0.805 |
| Marital status: Married | 42.7 | 51.6 | .429 | -- | -- | -- |
| Psychiatric comorbidities a | ||||||
| PTSD | 28.6 | 29.4 | .506 | < 5 | < 5 | 0.948 |
| Other anxiety b | 26.7 | 27.5 | .528 | 15.8 | 16.2 | 0.847 |
| Nicotine dependence/history of smoking | 44.4 | 45.8 | .324 | 8.3 | 8.9 | 0.779 |
| Alcohol abuse/dependence | 35.0 | 35.7 | .593 | 4.0 | 4.4 | 0.781 |
| Any illicit drug abuse/dependence | 26.7 | 27.2 | .697 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 0.669 |
| Metabolic/Cardiovasc comorbidities a | ||||||
| Diabetes Type II | 28.4 | 29.7 | .283 | 15.7 | 14.6 | 0.661 |
| Hypertension | 64.7 | 66.0 | .307 | 37.7 | 36.3 | 0.672 |
| Cardiovascular disease c | 72.1 | 73.7 | .199 | 51.2 | 50.3 | 0.800 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 14.1 | 14.6 | .618 | 9.8 | 8.9 | 0.688 |
| Obesity diagnosis | 35.6 | 35.9 | .814 | 19.0 | 19.5 | 0.866 |
| Other comorbidities a | ||||||
| Low T | 2.7 | 2.6 | .760 | < 5 | < 5 | 0.110 |
| Sleep apnea | 7.8 | 8.3 | .508 | 7.2 | 7.9 | 0.724 |
| Painful conditions a | ||||||
| Arthritis | 67.6 | 69.8 | .089 | 53.7 | 53.7 | 0.995 |
| Back pain | 56.4 | 58.3 | .170 | 51.4 | 51.0 | 0.912 |
| Headaches | 24.4 | 25.8 | .274 | 29.0 | 28.8 | 0.931 |
| Musculoskeletal pain | 50.0 | 52.2 | .109 | 59.6 | 58.9 | 0.840 |
| Neuropathic pain | 23.8 | 24.9 | .347 | 17.2 | 16.2 | 0.709 |
| Maximum pain score, mean (sd) | 8.0 (2.6) | 8.2 (2.2) | .0003 | -- | -- | -- |
| Healthcare utilizationd: Top 25th percentile | 32.8 | 34.8 | .109 | 27.6 | 28.0 | 0.900 |
a
Comorbidities occurring before incident depression relapse
b
Other anxiety disorders = panic disorder, OCD, social phobia, GAD, Anxiety NOS
c
Cardiovascular disease = hyperlipidemia, ischemic heart disease, diseases of pulmonary circulation, other heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, myocardial infarction
d
top 25th percentile of the distribution of average health care encounters per month