Table 3. Clinical outcomes of the study participants following a vegan or conventional diet at baseline, and after the fourth and twelfth weeks.
| Vegan diet | Conventional diet recommended by the Korean Diabetes Association | p value for group*time interaction1) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 46 | n = 47 | ||||||||
| Clinical outcome | Week 0 (baseline) | Week 4 | Week 12 (final) | Change (Week 12-Week 0) | Week 0 (baseline) | Week 4 | Week 12 (final) | Change (Week 12-Week 0) | |
| Primary endpoint | |||||||||
| HbA1c (%) (all participants) | 7.7±1.3 | 7.2±1.1 | 7.1±1.3 | -0.5±0.8‡ | 7.4±1.0 | 7.2±0.9 | 7.2±0.9 | -0.2±0.7† | 0.017 (0.037)2) (0.042)3) |
| HbA1c (%) [compliance≥9.0 (n = 14 in vegan, n = 37 in KDA)] | 7.5±1.2 | 7.0±0.9 | 6.6±0.9 | -0.9±0.8‡ | 7.4±1.1 | 7.3±1.0 | 7.2±1.0 | -0.3±0.7† | 0.010 (0.013)2) (0.011)3) |
| Secondary endpoint | |||||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.9±3.4 | 23.8±3.4 | 23.5±3.4 | -0.5±0.9‡ | 23.1±2.4 | 23.1±2.3 | 23.0±2.4 | -0.1±0.6 | 0.092 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 85.0±9.8 | 82.8±9.7 | 81.9±9.9 | -3.1±4.9‡ | 82.3±7.5 | 82.1±7.6 | 81.5±7.9 | -0.8±4.6 | 0.027 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 125.1±16.1 | 124.4±16.1 | 126.1±14.4 | 1.0±14.9 | 128.1±19.9 | 121.9±16.5 | 126.6±16.1 | -1.5±18.7 | 0.186 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 75.6±10.9 | 74.5±10.5 | 76.7±9.3 | 1.1±9.0 | 78.1±12.1 | 75.2±10.1 | 76.7±10.3 | -1.4±9.9 | 0.335 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 138.4±52.4 | 117.3±32.1 | 125.2±38.0 | -13.2±47.4 | 126.3±37.7 | 119.7±32.7 | 126.3±33.0 | 0.0±39.1 | 0.146 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 92.7±28.5 | 89.1±31.2 | 89.9±32.3 | -2.8±17.8 | 102.8±39.0 | 97.8±36.1 | 101.9±38.5 | -1.0±29.3 | 0.732 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 130.3±61.7 | 128.7±60.3 | 143.7±92.4 | 13.4±72.8 | 147.7±113.8 | 141.9±91.9 | 128.8±57.9 | -18.9±81.9 | 0.053 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 50.0±12.3 | 49.5±11.9 | 52.2±14.9 | 2.2±8.8 | 51.2±13.3 | 50.8±13.1 | 51.7±13.0 | 0.5±8.2 | 0.459 |
1) p values for the group*time interaction were calculated via repeated measures analysis of variance or MANOVA (Wilks' lambda)
2) p values for the group*time interaction after adjusting for the mean energy intake (kcal) over the 12-week period
3) p values for the group*time interaction after adjusting for waist circumference at 0, 4, and 12 weeks
†p<0.05
‡p<0.01; p values represent the values of the paired t-test that assessed whether the changes from baseline to the final week were significantly different from zero.
None of the participants required any change in medication during the intervention period