Table 2. Baseline maternal characteristics of estimation sample.
| Mintervention (SD) | Mcontrol (SD) | p-valuei | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Weeks pregnant at program entry | 21.86 (7.99) | 21.34 (6.93) | 0.656 |
| Age | 25.90 (5.88) | 25.57 (6.28) | 0.731 |
| Married (%) | 0.16 (0.37) | 0.17 (0.38) | 0.861 |
| Partnered (including married) (%) | 0.79 (0.41) | 0.81 (0.39) | 0.665 |
| Living with parent(s) (%) | 0.54 (0.50) | 0.46 (0.50) | 0.308 |
| First time mother (%) | 0.52 (0.50) | 0.46 (0.50) | 0.482 |
| Low education (%) | 0.30 (0.46) | 0.35 (0.48) | 0.434 |
| Employed (%) | 0.42 (0.50) | 0.41 (0.50) | 0.947 |
| Saves money regularly (%) | 0.48 (0.50) | 0.55 (0.50) | 0.390 |
| Resides in social housing (%) | 0.53 (0.50) | 0.55 (0.50) | 0.819 |
| IQ (WASI) | 83.25 (12.35) | 81.65 (12.16) | 0.406 |
| Prior physical health condition (%) | 0.77 (0.43) | 0.63 (0.48) | 0.068 |
| Prior mental health condition (%) | 0.27 (0.45) | 0.26 (0.44) | 0.822 |
| Smoking during pregnancy (%) | 0.51 (0.50) | 0.46 (0.50) | 0.585 |
| Drinking during pregnancy (%) | 0.27 (0.45) | 0.27 (0.45) | 0.962 |
| Drugs ever used (%) | 0.14 (0.34) | 0.12 (0.33) | 0.792 |
| Vulnerable attachment (VASQ) | 18.00 (3.90) | 17.59 (3.86) | 0.496 |
| Positive parenting attitudes (AAPI) | 5.24 (1.24) | 5.26 (1.31) | 0.925 |
| Self-efficacy (Pearlin) | 2.80 (0.60) | 2.89 (0.61) | 0.367 |
| Self-esteem (Rosenberg) | 12.98 (2.62) | 12.71 (2.90) | 0.537 |
| Knowledge of infant development (KIDI) | 72.52 (7.11) | 70.57 (8.31) | 0.110 |
Note: N = 163 (intervention 81; control 82). Note that one participant who did participate in the 24-month assessment, did not complete a baseline survey, thus the sample size for the baseline descriptives is 163 rather than 164. ‘M’ indicates the mean. ‘SD’ indicates the standard deviation.
i two-tailed p-value from either a t-test for continuous outcomes or a chi-squared test for binary outcomes.
‘First time mother’ refers to the proportion of participants who had no previous children when entering the PFL program. ‘Low education’ represents participants who left school after they completed a statewide examination at age 15 to 16 years. ‘Saves money’ regularly refers to the proportion of participants who claimed to save money on a regular basis. IQ was measured 3 months post-birth using the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI). Physical health condition indicates whether the mother has ever been diagnosed with any of 22 listed conditions. Mental health condition indicates whether the mother has ever been diagnosed with any 8 listed mental health conditions. Smoking during pregnancy represents participants who said they were currently a smoker when asked during pregnancy. Drinking during pregnancy represents participants who said they drank any alcohol during pregnancy. Drugs ever used represents participants who claimed to have taken any drug from a list of 15 at any point in their lives. The Vulnerable Attachment Style Questionnaire (VASQ) measures the respondents' interactions and dependence on other people. Scores above 15 are indicative of depressive disorders. The Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI) measures approaches to parenting and provides an indicator of the endorsement of abuse/neglect. Higher scores indicate a high risk of abuse/neglect. The Pearlin Self-Efficacy scale ranges from zero to four with higher scores indicating higher self-efficacy. The Rosenberg self-esteem scale ranges from zero to 18 with higher scores indicating more maternal self-esteem. The Knowledge of Infant Development (KIDI) score represents the percentage of correct responses to questions relating to child development milestones. Higher scores indicate more knowledge of infant development.