Table 2.
Human studies assessing impact of advanced glycation endproducts in healthy subjects as well as various diseases
| Study design | Humans | n | Age | Diet type/Duration | Impact on chronic inflammation/disease | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Observational | ||||||
| Crossectional | Healthy young and elderly | 325 | 19–90 | Dietary AGEs intake and serum AGEs levels correlate with CRP. and mononuclear TNF a, vCAM-1 and isoprostane level |
38 | |
| Crosssectional | Adults with metabolic syndrome Adults without metabolic syndrome |
130 137 |
49–75 52–85 |
Dietary AGEs intake and CML level higher in those with MS compared to those without MS. |
39 | |
| Longitudinal | Healthy subjects | 49 | Change in AGEs intake correlates with change in AGEs level | 38 | ||
| Crossectional | Obese vs lean children | 18 obese 18 lean |
5–10 4–17 |
CML, FL-AGE levels are lower in obese children despite worse CRP, IL-6 and HOMA-IR |
36 | |
| Crossectional | Obese children | 88 (51M) | 11–15 | CML levels correlate inversely with waist z score, IL-6 as well as isoprostane, TNFa and VCAM-1 |
37 | |
| Interventional | ||||||
| Randomized parallel | Healthy CKD-stage 3 |
30 9 |
18–45, >60 | low AGE vs. standard diet. 4 months low AGE vs. standard diet. 4 months |
CML and RAGE expression ↓, AGER-1, ↑ | 38 |
| Nonrandmized one arm | Healthy | 64 | 18–24 | Heat processed high AGE, 1 month | ↓ CML, improved HOMA IR | 46 |
| Crossover | DM | 11 | 32–52 | low AGE vs. high AGEdiet, 2 weeks | ↓serum AGE levels corresponded with ↓ in dietary AGE | 47 |
| Randomized parallel | DM | 13 | ≈62 | low AGE vs. high AGEdiet, 6 weeks | TNFa, CRP ↑ on HAGE and ↓. on LAGE diet | 47 |
| Randomized parallel | Type 2 DM subjects | 20 | 41–71 | Single High and low AGE | Less endothelial Dysfunction and reactive hyperemia impairment after LAGE diet, also lower markers of endothelial dysfunction and OS |
49 |
| Nonrandmized one arm | Type 2 DM | 13 | 56.9(2.8) | Single high AGE meal | Endothelial dysfunction improved after Benfotiamine treatment prior to a high AGE meal. |
50 |
M=Male, F=female, ↑increased, ↓decreased, ↔ no change, CRP=C-reactive protein, sVCAM-1 soluble vascular cell adjesion molecule-1, TNFa-tumor necrosis factor alpha
PAI-1-plasminogen activator inhibitor-1,soluble sVICAM-1 ,intercellular vascular adhesion molecule-1. IL-6: Interleukin-6
AGE - advanced glycation end products, CML=Carboxymethyl Lysine, FL-Fructose Lysine
HOMA-IR: Homoeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance
DM=Diabetes Mellitus, CKD-Chronic kidney disease, CVD-Cardiovascular disease, OS-oxidative stress