Table 6.

Examination findings of secondary nephrotic syndrome

Examination	Measurement items	Major findings
Urinalysis	Occult blood Urine Bence Jones protein	Positive in purpura nephritis or vasculitis positive in paraproteinemia
Blood examination	Peripheral blood examination	Pancytopenia or hemolytic anemia in lupus nephritis Leukocytosis and thrombocytosis in the cases with infectious diseases ad vasculitis
	Biochemical examination	Blood sugar markers such as blood glucose, HbA1c, and glycoalbumin in diabetic nephropathy CRP and inflammatory reactions increase in vasculitis and purpura nephritis Paraprotein or cryoglobumin is confirmed in in the cases with paraproteinemia
	Lipid examination	The abnormality of IDL or ApoE is confirmed in lipoprotein glomerulopathy
	Immunological examination	Anti-nuclear antibody , anti-ds-DNA antibdy, anti-Sm antibody, anti-phosphlipid antibody increase and complements decrease in lupus nephritis The positive findings are confirmed in bacterial culture and antigen/antibody detection for pathogenic microbes
Renal biopsy		The specific findings are observed in each secondary disease, thus the renal biopsy is useful for the definitive diagnosis of secondary diseases
Imaging test		Neoplastic diseases are diagnosed by various imaging tests such as CT, MRI, ultrasonography and bone marrow aspiration
Genetic test		Genetic tests are useful in the genetic illnesses