Table 4.

Association of CaSR Expression With Selected Tumor Biomarkers Among Men Diagnosed With Prostate Cancer Between 1983 and 2009 in the HPFS and the PHS^a

Characteristic	n	CaSR 0 to <2	CaSR ≥2	P Valueb
Proliferation indexc	762	0.1 (0, 0.5)	0.1 (0, 0.4)	.30
Apoptosis indexd	650	0.5 (0, 2.0)	0.5 (0, 3.0)	.46
VDR high, n, %e	729	214 (33)	37 (43)	.07
PTEN loss, n, %f	977	138 (16)	19 (19)	.43
pS6g	739	0.12 (0.05, 0.28)	0.17 (0.07, 0.38)	.01
Stathminh	713	0.016 (0.007, 0.04)	0.022 (0.01, 0.05)	.005
Angiogenesis
Vessel areai	388	486 (373, 671)	405 (317, 574)	.02
Vessel irregularityj	388	3.9 (3.2, 4.6)	4.8 (4.0, 5.3)	<.0001

^aAll values are median (quartile 1, quartile 3) unless otherwise noted.

^bP values are based on the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test for Ki67, TUNEL, pS6, stathmin, vessel area, and vessel irregularity and the χ² test for PTEN and VDR.

^cProliferation index is Ki67%-positive nuclear staining.

^dApoptosis index is TUNEL percentage-positive nuclear staining.

^eVDR expression was dichotomized according to the lower two-thirds of expression.

^fA tissue core was considered to have PTEN protein loss if the intensity of cytoplasmic and nuclear staining was markedly decreased or entirely negative across greater than 10% of tumor cells compared with the surrounding benign glands and/or stroma.

^gpS6 is phospho-S6 ribosomal protein, expressed as mean area score.

^hStathmin is expressed as mean area score.

ⁱVessel area is the area comprised by microvessels (in square micrometers); smaller vessels are more angiogenic.

^jVessel irregularity is calculated as the perimeter2/4π × area, with a value of 1.0 indicating a perfect circle and values greater than 1.0 indicating increasing irregularity.