Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of subjects
| Variable | Total sample | Frequency of vegetables intake* | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | |||
| Demographical information | |||||
| N | 1903 | 196 | 58 | 1649 | - |
| Age | 62.39 ± 8.98 | 60.4 ± 9.05 | 60.28 ± 9.35 | 62.7 ± 8.92 | 0.001 |
| Height | 156.35 ± 5.71 | 153.73 ± 5.37 | 158.39 ± 6.55 | 156.51 ± 5.59 | 0.173 |
| Weight | 58.85 ± 8.47 | 56.86 ± 7.34 | 56.67 ± 7.75 | 59.47 ± 8.73 | 0.463 |
| Lifestyle | |||||
| Education | 254(13.35 %) | 22(11.22 %) | 6(10.34 %) | 226(13.71 %) | 0.179 |
| Exercise | 1362(71.57 %) | 179(91.33 %) | 49(84.48 %) | 1134(68.77 %) | <0.001 |
| Smoking | 15(0.79 %) | 4(2.05 %) | 0(0 %) | 11(0.67 %) | 0.253 |
| Alcohol intake | 40(2.1 %) | 6(3.06 %) | 1(1.72 %) | 33(2 %) | 0.099 |
| Medical history | |||||
| HTN | 835(44.51 %) | 84(43.75 %) | 21(37.5 %) | 730(44.84 %) | 0.540 |
| CAD | 183(10.04 %) | 15(7.85 %) | 4(7.14 %) | 164(10.41 %) | 0.414 |
| DM | 214(11.49 %) | 21(11.35 %) | 6(11.54 %) | 187(11.5 %) | 0.998 |
| RA | 105(5.72 %) | 7(3.7 %) | 2(3.85 %) | 96(6.02 %) | 0.363 |
| Therapy history | |||||
| Vitamin C | 246(12.93 %) | 16(8.16 %) | 6(10.34 %) | 224(13.58 %) | 0.277 |
| Vitamin D | 78(4.1 %) | 2(1.02 %) | 3(5.17 %) | 73(4.43 %) | 0.239 |
| Dietary habit | |||||
| Meat | 848(44.56 %) | 99(50.51 %) | 29(50 %) | 720(43.66 %) | 0.133 |
| Potato | 264(13.87 %) | 21(10.71 %) | 20(34.48 %) | 223(13.52 %) | <0.001 |
| Oil | 19.13 ± 9.05 | 16.06 ± 10.13 | 23.03 ± 11.95 | 19.36 ± 8.7 | <0.001 |
| Outcome | |||||
| T-score | −1.86 ± 0.74 | −1.79 ± 0.74 | −1.78 ± 0.75 | −1.88 ± 0.74 | 0.209 |
| OP | 539(28.32 %) | 39(19.9 %) | 14(24.14 %) | 486(29.47 %) | 0.015 |
Note: *Frequency of vegetables intake were categorized by group 1: once or twice per week, group 2: once per 2 days, and group 3: always; HTN hypertension, CAD coronary artery disease, DM diabetes mellitus, RA Rheumatoid arthritis, OP Osteoporosis