Table 2.
Daily energy expenditure, energy intake, and consumption of fiber, added sugar, sodium (Na), and selected foods, according to NND adherence
| Degree of NND adherence | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||||
| Low (n=17) | Medium (n=23) | High (n=25) | |||||
|
|
|
|
|||||
| Median† | (Q1, Q3) | Median | (Q1, Q3) | Median | (Q1, Q3) | p* | |
| Energy expenditure (kJ)‡ | 11,026 | (10,041, 12,203) | 10,621 | (10,040, 11,870) | 11,456 | (10,074, 12,436) | 0.65 |
| Energy intake (kJ) | 9,361 | (7,762, 12,200) | 8,308 | (7,418, 10,992) | 8,883 | (7,225, 10,961) | 0.46 |
| Fiber (g) | 24.5 | (21.8, 27.7) | 26.4 | (22.0, 32.0) | 30.2 | (23.0, 40.3) | 0.07 |
| Fiber (E%) | 2.1 | (1.6, 2.6) | 2.4 | (2.1, 2.7) | 2.7 | (2.2, 3.1) | 0.02 |
| Added sugar (g) | 38.1 | (17.8, 60.4) | 27.8 | (10.7, 40.4) | 21.1 | (12.7, 36.2) | 0.19 |
| Added sugar (E%) | 6.9 | (3.4, 8.8) | 4.7 | (2.5, 7.5) | 4.4 | (2.7, 6.7) | 0.17 |
| Na (mg) | 2738.0 | (2214.5, 3795.0) | 2786.0 | (1828.0, 3860.0) | 2789.0 | (1984.5, 3778.5) | 0.92 |
| Vegetables (fresh and frozen) | 139.9 | (86.8, 218.6) | 140.6 | (76.0, 198.5) | 164.4 | (110.6, 243.5) | 0.56 |
| Fruits and berries (fresh) | 102.5 | (60.8, 207.8) | 150.0 | (120.5, 305.0) | 267.5 | (187.6, 348.8) | 0.004 |
| Fruit juice | 93.8 | (0.0, 312.5) | 0.0 | (0.0, 187.5) | 0.0 | (0.0, 122.5) | 0.15 |
| Whole grain products | 57.7 | (33.6, 110.0) | 53.7 | (30.1, 117.6) | 67.2 | (34.0, 136.0) | 0.60 |
| Refined grain products | 130.2 | (52.7, 169.7) | 86.2 | (51.3, 166.0) | 74.9 | (38.7, 162.7) | 0.67 |
| Fish|| | 21.3 | (0.0, 60.1) | 5.0 | (0.0, 85.3) | 38.5 | (0.0, 86.8) | 0.53 |
| Meat¶ | 167.4 | (134.6, 233.8) | 116.5 | (54.2, 189.6) | 102.0 | (60.8, 128.8) | 0.004 |
| Low fat dairy products | 110.0 | (12.0, 283.15) | 142.5 | (62.5, 320.3) | 125.0 | (49.8, 406.3) | 0.60 |
| Fatty dairy products | 146.0 | (71.7, 187.3) | 75.2 | (40.0, 154.9) | 88.0 | (57.0, 155.4) | 0.20 |
| Vegetable oils | 1.1 | (0.0, 5.1) | 0.0 | (0.0, 3.0) | 0.3 | (0.0, 2.3) | 0.63 |
| Margarines | 7.5 | (0.7, 19.6) | 5.5 | (2.5, 11.6) | 1.1 | (0.0, 7.9) | 0.05 |
| Butter | 5.6 | (3.2, 12.1) | 5.0 | (1.6, 10.2) | 6.8 | (2.2, 16.7) | 0.50 |
| Chocolate, candies, and sugar-sweetened beverages | 42.0 | (6.3, 205.0) | 24.5 | (1.0, 163.1) | 4.0 | (0.0, 64.5) | 0.15 |
| Water | 1000.0 | (601.9, 1297.0) | 1215.0 | (812.5, 1893.8) | 1120.0 | (795.0, 1452.5) | 0.33 |
NND, New Nordic Diet.
*
Kruskal–Wallis test was used to derive p-values.
†
Median and quartiles were calculated from two 24-h dietary recalls.
‡
For energy expenditure (measured by the activity monitor SenseWear Armband Mini) and energy intake (assessed by two 24-h dietary recalls). n=56; 15, 20, and 21 parents categorized into low, medium, and high NND, respectively.
||
Includes lean fish, fatty fish, fish products, and selected fish toppings.
¶
Includes poultry, pork, beef, game (all unprocessed), ground meat, and processed meat (salted meat, minced meat, sandwich meat, and liver paste).