Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jun 3.
Published in final edited form as: Eur J Nutr. 2015 Jul 1;55(4):1491–1502. doi: 10.1007/s00394-015-0967-1

Table 4.

Association between DII and mortality by 5-year intervals

DII Years of follow-up
Continuous, all years of follow-up 0–4.99 5.00–9.99 10.00–14.99 15.00–19.99 20.00–25.00
Total mortality
  Cases 17,793 1345 2127 3254 4794 6273
  HRa 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.11 1.09 1.05
  95 % CI 1.07–1.10 1.04–1.18 1.08–1.19 1.06–1.15 1.06–1.13 1.02–1.08
  Adjusted HRRb 1.03 1.04 1.07 1.04 1.04 1.01
  95 % CI 1.01–1.05 0.98–1.11 1.01–1.12 1.00–1.09 1.01–1.08 0.98–1.04
All cancer
  Cases 5044 680 897 1119 1192 1156
  HRa 1.11 1.05 1.08 1.18 1.10 1.10
  95 % CI 1.07–1.14 0.97–1.14 1.00–1.16 1.10–1.26 1.04–1.18 1.03–1.18
  Adjusted HRb 1.04 0.98 1.00 1.10 1.05 1.05
  95 % CI 1.01–1.07 0.90–1.07 0.93–1.08 1.03–1.18 0.98–1.12 0.99–1.13
Digestive cancers
  Cases 1240 178 207 270 288 297
  HRa 1.11 1.01 1.15 1.21 1.06 1.11
  95 % CI 1.04–1.18 0.86–1.19 0.98–1.34 1.06–1.38 0.93–1.21 0.98–1.27
  Adjusted HRb 1.07 0.98 1.08 1.17 1.03 1.10
  95 % CI 1.01–1.14 0.83–1.15 0.93–1.27 1.02–1.34 0.90–1.18 0.97–1.25
All CVD
  Cases 6528 417 736 1177 1825 2373
  HRa 1.08 1.13 1.18 1.06 1.10 1.04
  95 % CI 1.05–1.11 1.01–1.26 1.09–1.28 1.00–1.13 1.05–1.16 0.99–1.09
  Adjusted HRb 1.04 1.06 1.14 1.01 1.07 1.00
  95 % CI 1.01–1.07 0.95–1.19 1.05–1.24 0.94–1.07 1.01–1.13 0.96–1.05
CHD
  Cases 3381 260 447 681 918 1075
  HRa 1.12 1.19 1.19 1.05 1.15 1.08
  95 % CI 1.07–1.16 1.04–1.37 1.07–1.32 0.96–1.14 1.07–1.24 1.01–1.16
  Adjusted HRb 1.07 1.13 1.15 0.98 1.12 1.03
  95 % CI 1.03–1.11 0.98–1.31 1.03–1.28 0.90–1.07 1.04–1.20 0.96–1.11
Stroke
  Cases 1439 54 129 233 441 582
  HRa 1.04 1.13 1.08 1.10 1.06 0.98
  95 % CI 0.98–1.10 0.84–1.52 0.89–1.32 0.96–1.28 0.95–1.18 0.89–1.07
  Adjusted HRb 1.01 1.05 1.07 1.06 1.04 0.96
  95 % CI 0.95–1.08 0.77–1.42 0.87–1.31 0.92–1.23 0.93–1.16 0.87–1.06
Non-cancer/non-CVD/non-acute deaths
  Cases 4909 181 371 738 1414 2205
  HRa 1.09 1.29 1.18 1.10 1.11 1.04
  95 % CI 1.05–1.12 1.09–1.52 1.05–1.32 1.01–1.19 1.05–1.18 0.99–1.09
  Adjusted HRb 1.02 1.18 1.07 1.03 1.04 0.99
  95 % CI 0.99–1.06 1.00–1.40 0.95–1.21 0.95–1.12 0.98–1.10 0.95–1.04
COPD
  Cases 1039 64 126 181 307 361
  HRa 1.36 1.64 1.27 1.49 1.37 1.27
  95 % CI 1.27–1.46 1.23–2.18 1.04–1.55 1.27–1.77 1.20–1.55 1.13–1.43
  Adjusted HRb 1.13 1.38 1.05 1.23 1.10 1.08
  95 % CI 1.05–1.21 1.04–1.83 0.86–1.28 1.04–1.45 0.98–1.26 0.96–1.21
Alzheimer’s disease and unspecified dementia
  Cases 1244 0 0 52 332 860
  HRa 1.00 – – 0.83 1.09 0.98
  95 % CI 0.94–1.07 – – 0.60–1.13 0.96–1.23 0.91–1.06
  Adjusted HRb 0.99 – – 0.80 1.08 0.97
  95 % CI 0.93–1.05 – – 0.58–1.11 0.95–1.22 0.90–1.05
a

Adjusted for age (continuous) and total energy intake (continuous)

b

Adjusted for age (continuous), BMI (continuous), smoking status (never, former, current), pack-years of smoking (continuous), HRT use (ever, never), education(<high school, high school graduate, more than high school), prevalent diabetes (yes/no), prevalent hypertension (yes/no), prevalent heart disease (yes/no), prevalent cancer (yes/no), total energy intake (continuous)

c

Digestive cancers include cancer of the esophagus (N = 44), stomach (N = 78), small intestine (N = 16), colon (N = 536), rectum and anus (N = 70), liver and intrahepatic bile ducts (N = 88), gallbladder (N = 49), pancreas (N = 341), and other and ill-defined sites of the digestive organs (N = 18)