Decellularization of the whole porcine heart. (A–E) Representative macroscopic images of a porcine heart during the decellularization process at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h. (F) Representative photograph of the perfusion–decellularization system (1: roller pump, 2: heat exchanger, 3: pressure monitor, 4: heart chamber). (G–J) Haematoxylin and eosin staining of the normal heart (G) and decellularized heart (I). 4′,6-Diamidino-2-phynylindole staining of a normal heart (H) and a decellularized heart (J). Scale bar: 200 μm.