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. 2016 Apr 8;25(11):848–860. doi: 10.1089/scd.2015.0362

FIG. 3.

FIG. 3.

Low oxygen decreases markers of cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and senescence. (A) Left panels show increased proapoptotic proteins; p53, AIF, and Bak in high (21% O2) versus low oxygen (3% O2). Right panels show no change in cell cycle proteins, p21 and p27, and apoptosis-related proteins, EndoG, Bax, Bid, Bcl-XL, CIAP-2, Mcl-1, and XIAP, at high versus low oxygen. Coomassie blue staining was used as loading control for western blots. (B) MIAMI cells were stained for senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-βgal) activity after 1 and 3 weeks at 3% O2 versus 21% O2. As early as after 1 week of culture, a blue stain was observed in a significant fraction of the cells exposed to 21% O2 (48% ± 8% positive cells) compared with the cells exposed to 3% O2 (5% ± 2% positive cells). Black arrows point to positive cells. After 3 weeks of culture, almost all of the cells exposed to 21% O2 expressed SA-βgal (bottom). AIF, apoptosis-inducing factor.