Table 1.
Cross-Sectional Associations Between Symptoms of Psychopathology and Frequency of Caffeinated Drink Consumption
| Overall associations | Unique associations | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy drinks | Coffee | Energy drinks, controlling for coffee | Coffee, controlling for energy drinks | |
| ADHD inattention | 0.19* | 0.18* | 0.12 | 0.10 |
| ADHD hyperactive | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.07 |
| CD | 0.35*** | 0.24** | 0.28*** | 0.11 |
| Depression | 0.21** | 0.15§ | 0.15* | 0.07 |
| Panic | 0.23** | 0.29** | 0.13 | 0.20* |
| Generalized anxiety | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.03 |
| Social anxiety | −0.14§ | −0.05 | −0.12 | 0.01 |
All models adjusted for age, gender, and race/ethnicity (African American yes/no); those in the right two columns also adjusted for frequency of consumption of the other caffeinated beverage. Standardized parameter estimates (stb) are presented. Data for analyses in this table are from the initial assessment of youth in this study (mean age = 11.9).
§
p < 0.10.
*
p < 0.05.
**
p < 0.01.
***
p < 0.001.
ADHD, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; CD, conduct disorder.