Table 2.
Muscle–tendon actuator properties. Optimal fibre lengths and pennation angles are from the original model by Hutchinson et al. [39] but provided for reference.
| abbreviation | muscle name | maximum isometric force (Fiso, N) | optimal fibre length (Lfopt, m) | tendon slack length (Ltsl, m) | pennation angle (°) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IC | M. iliotibialis cranialis | 889 | 0.174 | 0.0451 | 0 |
| ILa | M. iliotibialis lateralis (cranial part) | 1265 | 0.174 | 0.2432 | 0 |
| ILp | M. iliotibialis lateralis (caudal part) | 1265 | 0.174 | 0.3099 | 0 |
| AMB1 | M. ambiens, ventral (pubic) head | 971 | 0.039 | 0.1648 | 10 |
| AMB2 | M. ambiens, dorsal (iliac) head | 1793 | 0.044 | 0.3941 | 15 |
| FMTL | M. femorotibialis lateralis | 1434 | 0.088 | 0.1746 | 15 |
| FMTIM | M. femorotibialis intermedius | 1706 | 0.084 | 0.1863 | 25 |
| FMTM | M. femorotibialis medialis | 1089 | 0.089 | 0.0603 | 30 |
| ILFBa | M. iliofibularis (cranial part) | 1254 | 0.176 | 0.2134 | 0 |
| ILFBp | M. iliofibularis (caudal part) | 1254 | 0.176 | 0.2733 | 0 |
| ITCa | M. iliotrochantericus caudalis (cranial part) | 897 | 0.064 | 0.0469 | 25 |
| ITCp | M. iliotrochantericus caudalis (caudal part) | 897 | 0.064 | 0.038 | 25 |
| IFE | M. iliofemoralis externus | 479 | 0.025 | 0.0667 | 25 |
| ITM | M. iliotrochantericus medius | 181 | 0.058 | 0.0241 | 0 |
| ITCR | M. iliotrochantericus cranialis | 330 | 0.053 | 0.0488 | 10 |
| IFI | M. iliofemoralis internus | 410 | 0.041 | 0.0533 | 0 |
| FCM | M. flexor cruris medialis | 1109 | 0.036 | 0.435 | 35 |
| FCLP | M. flexor cruris lateralis pars pelvica | 544 | 0.24 | 0.2449 | 0 |
| ISF | M. ischiofemoralis | 419 | 0.033 | 0.0816 | 15 |
| PIFML | M. puboischiofemorales medialis + lateralis | 816 | 0.089 | 0.1669 | 15 |
| OM | M. obturatorius medialis | 3124 | 0.055 | 0.1651 | 25 |
| CFP | M. caudofemoralis pars pelvica (et caudalis) | 1125 | 0.108 | 0.215 | 15 |
| GL | M. gastrocnemius pars lateralis | 1836 | 0.12 | 0.5818 | 20 |
| GIM | M. gastrocnemius pars intermedius | 798 | 0.125 | 0.507 | 15 |
| GM | M. gastrocnemius pars medialis | 3124 | 0.094 | 0.5957 | 20 |
| FL | M. fibularis longus | 2270 | 0.081 | 0.9633 | 20 |
| FDL | M. flexor digitorum longus | 1130 | 0.048 | 1.0366 | 20 |
| FPPD3 | M. flexor perforans et perforatus digitorum 3 | 1154 | 0.025 | 1.0737 | 30 |
| FPD3 | M. flexor perforans digitorum 3 | 3210 | 0.017 | 1.02 | 35 |
| FPD4 | M. flexor perforans digitorum 4 | 1434 | 0.026 | 1.004 | 20 |
| FHL | M. flexor hallucis longus | 469 | 0.04 | 1.0939 | 25 |
| EDL | M. extensor digitorum longus | 833 | 0.049 | 0.8512 | 30 |
| TCf | M. tibialis cranialis (femoral head) | 686 | 0.045 | 0.4791 | 25 |
| TCt | M. tibialis cranialis (tibial head) | 686 | 0.045 | 0.4215 | 25 |