Belderbos et al. (2011)53
|
Utrecht, The Netherlands |
|
|
RSV LRTI (reported + RSV swab) (0–1 y): 0.16 (0.04 to 0.63)
|
Camargo et al. (2011)32
|
Wellington and Christchurch, New Zealand |
Cohort study
922 children
71% European, 14% Maori, 6% non-Maori Pacific Islander, 9% other
Median cord 25(OH)D: 44 nmol/L (IQR: 29–78)
|
|
|
Cetinkaya et al. (2015)59
|
Istanbul, Turkey |
|
|
Clinical early-onset sepsis vs control (0–3 d)
Maternal: 55.4 (17.0) vs 90.4 (4.5) nmol/L, P < 0.001
Neonatal: 21.5 (7.7) vs 47.4 (12.0) nmol/L, P < 0.001
Culture-proven sepsis vs no culture (0–3 d)
Maternal: 67.6 (21.7) vs 54.2 (16.2) nmol/L, P = 0.09
Neonatal: 25.2 (4.5) vs 21.0 (8.0) nmol/L, P = 0.25
|
Chawes et al. (2014)30
|
Copenhagen, Denmark |
|
|
|
Cizmeci et al. (2014)60
|
Istanbul, Turkey |
|
Cord blood 25(OH)D: median difference |
Early-onset sepsis vs control (0–3 d): 31.5 vs 52.4 nmol/L, P = 0.038
|
Finkelstein et al. (2012)26
|
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |
|
|
Cough (0–5 y)
Any: 0.90 (0.83 to 0.98)
With fever: 0.93 (0.79 to 1.08)
With rapid respiratory rate: 1.09 (0.74 to 1.61)
Plus other symptoms: 1.02 (0.81 to 1.30)
Diarrhea (0–5 y)
Any: 0.98 (0.83 to 1.15)
Acute: 1.00 (0.85 to 1.18)
Watery: 0.94 (0.75 to 1.19)
Dysenteric: 1.05 (0.83 to 1.32)
|
Finkelstein et al. (2010)27
|
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |
|
|
Tuberculosis (0–2 y): 0.63 (0.99 to 0.41)
Cough (0–2 y): 0.83 (0.71 to 0.95)
Other respiratory symptoms (0–2 y): reported as NS
Diarrhea (0–2 y): reported as NS
|
Gad et al. (2015)61
|
Cairo, Egypt |
|
Cord blood 25(OH)D: unpaired t test of mean difference (SD) |
Congenital pneumonia vs control (0–3 d): 86.94 (45.33) vs 232.63 (90.16) nmol/L, P = 0.0001
|
Gale et al. (2008)47
|
Southampton, United Kingdom |
|
|
LRTI (0–9 mo): 4.80 (1.01 to 22.73)
Other respiratory illness: reported as NS
Any respiratory illness: reported as NS
Diarrhea (0–9 mo): 1.87 (1.01 to 3.46)
|
Goldring et al. (2013)35
|
London, United Kingdom |
Randomized controlled trial (cord blood analysis done as cohort study)
158 mother–child pairs
23.7% white, 24.8% black, 25.6% Asian, 25.9% Middle Eastern
50 in control group, 56 in daily-dose group (800 IU), 52 in bolus-dose group (200 000 IU, 1 time)
Median cord 25(OH)D: control group, 17 nmol/L (IQR: 14–22); daily-dose group, 26 nmol/L (IQR: 17–45); bolus-dose group, 25 nmol/L (IQR: 18–34)
|
|
Cord blood 25(OH)D:
LRTI (0–3 y): −0.10 ln(nmol/L) (−0.29 to 0.09)
>4 URTI per year (0–3 y): −0.11 ln(nmol/L) (−0.32 to 0.11)
Combined 25(OH)D groups vs control:
LRTI (0–3 y): 1.60 (0.67 to 3.85)
>4 URTI per year (0–3 y): 1.34 (0.49 to 3.68)
|
de Jongh et al. (2014)56
|
Southampton, United Kingdom |
|
|
LRTI (0–6 mo)
<25 nmol/L: 0.45 (0.24 to 0.84)
25–49 nmol/L: 0.63 (0.49 to 0.81)
50–74 nmol/L: 0.76 (0.58 to 0.99)
≥75 nmol/L: 1.0 (reference)
LRTI (6–12 mo)
<25 nmol/L: 1.11 (0.72 to 1.71)
25–49 nmol/L: 1.22 (0.97 to 1.54)
50–74 nmol/L: 1.12 (0.87 to 1.42)
≥75 nmol/L: 1.0 (reference)
LRTI (1–2 y)
<25 nmol/L: 0.69 (0.41 to 1.14)
25–49 nmol/L: 0.98 (0.79 to 1.22)
50–74 nmol/L: 0.92 (0.73 to 1.16)
≥75 nmol/L: 1.0 (reference)
Otitis media (0–6 mo)
<25 nmol/L: 0.83 (0.41 to 1.69)
25–49 nmol/L: 0.64 (0.40 to 1.01)
50–74 nmol/L: 0.93 (0.61 to 1.93)
≥75 nmol/L: 1.0 (reference)
Otitis media (6–12 mo)
<25 nmol/L: 1.29 (0.87 to 1.92)
25–49 nmol/L: 1.13 (0.90 to 1.42)
50–74 nmol/L: 1.18 (0.93 to 1.48)
≥75 nmol/L: 1.0 (reference)
Otitis media (1–2 y)
<25 nmol/L: 1.07 (0.77 to 1.50)
25–49 nmol/L: 0.95 (0.78 to 1.14)
50–74 nmol/L: 1.04 (0.86 to 1.25)
≥75 nmol/L: 1.0 (reference)
Diarrhea (0–6 mo)
<25 nmol/L: 0.99 (0.65 to 1.50)
25–49 nmol/L: 0.93 (0.73 to 1.18)
50–74 nmol/L: 1.05 (0.83 to 1.33)
≥75 nmol/L: 1.0 (reference)
Diarrhea (6–12 mo)
<25 nmol/L: 0.91 (0.67 to 1.25)
25–49 nmol/L: 0.96 (0.83 to 1.12)
50–74 nmol/L: 1.0 (0.86 to 1.16)
≥75 nmol/L: 1.0 (reference)
Diarrhea (1–2 y)
<25 nmol/L: 1.23 (0.95 to 1.57)
25–49 nmol/L: 1.01 (0.87 to 1.18)
50–74 nmol/L: 0.96 (0.82 to 1.13)
≥75 nmol/L: 1.0 (reference)
Prolonged cough (0–6 mo)
<25 nmol/L: 0.33 (0.16 to 0.69)
25–49 nmol/L: 0.68 (0.53 to 0.88)
50–74 nmol/L: 0.80 (0.62 to 1.02)
≥75 nmol/L: 1.0 (reference)
Prolonged cough (6–12 mo)
<25 nmol/L: 1.09 (0.73 to 1.62)
25–49 nmol/L: 1.16 (0.95 to 1.42)
50–74 nmol/L: 1.09 (0.89 to 1.35)
≥75 nmol/L: 1.0 (reference)
Prolonged cough (1–2 y)
<25 nmol/L: 0.82 (0.52 to 1.29)
25–49 nmol/L: 1.19 (0.97 to 1.45)
50–74 nmol/L: 1.07 (0.86 to 1.33)
≥75 nmol/L: 1.0 (reference)
|
Luczynska et al. (2014)55
|
Ulm, Germany |
|
|
LRTI (0–1 y)
<25 nmol/L: 1.32 (1.00 to 1.73)
25–50 nmol/L: 1.11 (0.83 to 1.48)
>50 nmol/L: 1.0 (reference)
Q1: 1.23 (0.95 to 1.59)
Q2: 1.28 (0.99 to 1.66)
Q3: 1.11 (0.84 to 1.46)
Q4: 1.0 (reference)
|
Magnus et al. (2013)33
|
Norway |
|
|
|
Mohamed et al. (2013)54
|
Abha, Saudi Arabia |
|
|
|
Morales et al. (2012)40
|
Menorca Island, Valencia, Sabadell, and Gipuzkoa, Spain |
|
|
LRTI (0–1 y)
Q1: 1.0 (reference)
Q2: 0.89 (0.67 to 1.19)
Q3: 0.92 (0.70 to 1.23)
Q4: 0.67 (0.50 to 0.90)
|
Shin et al. (2013)57
|
South Korea |
|
|
Any respiratory tract infection (6 mo)
≥75 nmol/L: 1.0 (reference)
25–74.9 nmol/L: 2.06 (0.91 to 4.64)
<25 nmol/L: 3.56 (1.52 to 8.34)
Acute nasopharyngitis (6 mo)
≥75 nmol/L: 1.0 (reference)
25–74.9 nmol/L: 2.99 (1.13 to 7.93)
<25 nmol/L: 5.21 (1.91 to 14.27)
Otitis media (6 mo)
≥75 nmol/L: 1.0 (reference)
25–74.9 nmol/L: 2.79 (0.35 to 22.05)
<25 nmol/L: 2.83 (0.33 to 23.91)
Bronchiolitis (6 mo)
≥75 nmol/L: 1.0 (reference)
25–74.9 nmol/L: 2.98 (0.38 to 23.16)
<25 nmol/L: 2.65 (0.32 to 22.20)
|
Skowronsk a-Jozwiak et al. (2014)58
|
Lodz, Poland |
|
|
Recurrent respiratory tract infections (1 y)
>74.9 nmol/L vs <49.9 nmol/L: P = 0.003
>74.9 nmol/L vs 49.9–74.9 nmol/L: P = 0.040
49.9–74.9 nmol/L vs <49.9 nmol/L: P = 0.200
|
Stelmach et al. (2015)45
|
Poland |
|
|
|