Table 7.
Summary of neurofeedback treatment studies on autistic spectrum disorder (ASD).
| Site of treatment | Enhance/inhibit | Number of sessions | Outcome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Cowan & Markham, 1994) | Parietal and occipital lobes | Enhance (16–20 HZ) Inhibit (4–10 HZ) | 21 | Improvement in focus, attention, and relax |
| (Thompson & Thompson, 2003) | Sensorimotor cortex (C2, C4) | Enhance (13–15 Hz) Inhibit (3–10 Hz) | 40–100 | Improvement in neuropsychological functioning, improved educational performance, decrease anxiety and impulsivity |
| (Sichel, Fehmi, & Goldstein, 1995) | Sensorimotor strip and parietal lobe | Enhance SMR (12–15 Hz) Inhibit theta (4–8 Hz) | 31 | Improvement in sleep, social behaviors Increase in appropriate eye contact Reduction in self-simulation |
| (Othmer, 2007) | P4, T4, T3, F2, FP1 | Enhance SMR (12–15 Hz) | 28–100 | Decreased need for special education services and autism symptoms |
| (Thompson, Thompson, & Reid, 2010) | Central sites | Enhance SMR (12–15 or 13–15 Hz) Inhibit theta (3–7 Hz) and beta (23–35 Hz) | 40–60 | Improvement in intelligence testing and psychological assessments |
| (Cowan & Markham, 1994) | Enhance beta (16–20 Hz) Inhibit theta-alpha (4–10 Hz) | Improvement in autistic behaviors, social, academic functioning and attention |
Abbreviation: SMR: Sensorimotor rhythm.