Table 2.
List of cancer biomarkers with their aberrant glycosylation.
| Cancer | Biomarker | Type of biomarker | Glycan modification | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ovarian | α1-acid glycoprotein | Glycoprotein | Sialylation/SLex | [56] |
| α1-antichymotrypsin | Glycoprotein | Sialylation/Slex | [56] | |
| α1-antitrypsin (AAT) | Glycoprotein | ↑α-2,6Neu5Ac; core fucosylation (α-1,6) | [57] | |
| CA125 (MUC16) | Glycoprotein (mucin) | Truncated Tn (O-linked), sTn, | [58] | |
| core fucosylation | [59] | |||
| Haptoglobin | Glycoprotein | Sialylation/Slex α-1,3Fuc, branching | [56,57] | |
| IgG | Glycoprotein | ↓galactosylation and sialylation | [56] | |
| Breast | CA15-3 (MUC1) | Glycoprotein (mucin) | Truncated Tn, sTn | [60] |
| Colorectal | β-haptoglobin | Glycoprotein | ↑fucosylation | [61] |
| CA19-9 | Glycolipid | High mannan structures | [62] | |
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) | Glycoprotein | ↑Lex, Ley; high mannan structures | [62,63] | |
| ↓core fucosylation | [64] | |||
| ↑branching, ↑Neu5Ac | [63] | |||
| Complement C3, kininogen-I | Protein | ↑Neu5Ac, Fuc | [65] | |
| Pancreatic | α1-β-glycoprotein | Glycoprotein | ↑Neu5Ac | [66] |
| Antithrombin-III | Glycoprotein | ↑sialylation and fucosylation | [67] | |
| β-haptoglobin | Glycoprotein | ↑fucosylation | [68] | |
| Kininogen-I | Protein | ↑sialylation and fucosylation | [67] | |
| Prostate | β-haptoglobin | Glycoprotein | ↑fucosylation and branching | [69] |
| Prostate specific antigen (PSA) | Glycoprotein | ↑α-2,3 Neu5Ac | [70] | |
| ↑α-1,2Fuc, β-GalNAc | [47] | |||
| Thyroid | Thyroglobulin (Tg) | Glycoprotein | Terminal galactosylation, | [71] |
| Asialylation | [72] | |||
| Liver | α1-antitrypsin (AAT) | Glycoprotein | Fucosylation | [73] |
| α-fetoprotein (AFP) | Glycoprotein | Fucosylation | [73] | |
| Transferrin | Glycoprotein | Fucosylation | [73] | |
| Lung | β-haptoglobin | Glycoprotein | SLex, ↑fucosylation | [69,74] |