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. 2016 Feb 3;39(1):98–106. doi: 10.1097/COC.0000000000000239

FIGURE 4.

FIGURE 4

CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathway blockade. CTLA-4 blockade allows for activation and proliferation of more T-cell clones, and reduces Treg-mediated immunosuppression. PD-1 pathway blockade restores the activity of antitumor T cells that have become quiescent. A dual pathway blockade could have a synergistic effect, resulting in a larger and longer lasting antitumor immune response. CTLA-4 indicates cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; PD-1, programmed death 1; PD-L1, programmed death ligand 1; TCR, T-cell receptor; Treg, regulatory T cell.