Table 3.
Maternal levels of perfluoroalkyl acids and birth weight in 1,507 children from the Aarhus Birth Cohort, 2008–2013.
| PFAA/exposure scale | Birth weight (g) | Birth weight z-score | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Crude | Adjusteda (95% CI) | Adjustedb (95% CI) | Restrictedc (95% CI) | Crude | Adjusteda (95% CI) | |
| PFHxS | |||||||
| Q1 | 3,460 ± 556 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Q2 | 3,452 ± 460 | –9 | –15 (–87, 57) | –11 (–67, 44) | –41 (–105, 24) | 0.00 | –0.01 (–0.15, 0.12) |
| Q3 | 3,436 ± 504 | –24 | –25 (–100, 50) | –21 (–79, 37) | –34 (–101, 32) | –0.04 | –0.03 (–0.17, 0.11) |
| Q4 | 3,424 ± 511 | –37 | –29 (–106, 47) | –49 (–109, 11) | –49 (–118, 19) | –0.13 | –0.11 (–0.25, 0.03) |
| Per IQR (0.3 ng/mL) | –9 | –7 (–28, 14) | –13 (–30, 3) | –11 (–32, 9) | –0.04 | –0.03 (–0.07, 0.01) | |
| Per 0.1 ng/mL | –3 | –2 (–10, 5) | –5 (–11, 1) | –4 (–12, 3) | –0.01 | –0.01 (–0.03, 0.00) | |
| PFHpS | |||||||
| Q1 | 3,473 ± 509 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Q2 | 3,418 ± 540 | –56 | –52 (–126, 21) | –20 (–75, 35) | –46 (–109, 17) | –0.05 | –0.04 (–0.17, 0.10) |
| Q3 | 3,446 ± 478 | –27 | –34 (–105, 36) | –50 (–107, 6) | –56 (–118, 7) | –0.10 | –0.11 (–0.24, 0.02) |
| Q4 | 3,436 ± 504 | –38 | –42 (–115, 31) | –43 (–100, 14) | –63 (–129, 2) | –0.10 | –0.10 (–0.23, 0.04) |
| Per IQR (0.1 ng/mL) | –8 | –12 (–40, 17) | –17 (–40, 6) | –23 (–50, 4) | –0.03 | –0.04 (–0.09, 0.02) | |
| Per 0.1 ng/mL | –7 | –11 (–37, 16) | –15 (–36, 5) | –21 (–45, 3) | –0.03 | –0.04 (–0.09, 0.02) | |
| PFOS | |||||||
| Q1 | 3,481 ± 520 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Q2 | 3,397 ± 518 | –84 | –86 (–159, –13) | –66 (–122, –11) | –93 (–157, –29) | –0.15 | –0.15 (–0.29, –0.02) |
| Q3 | 3,461 ± 486 | –20 | –21 (–91, 48) | –30 (–86, 26) | –50 (–113, 13) | –0.07 | –0.06 (–0.19, 0.07) |
| Q4 | 3,431 ± 510 | –50 | –50 (–123, 23) | –58 (–105, 8) | –62 (–126, 3) | –0.11 | –0.11 (–0.25, 0.02) |
| Per IQR (4.8 ng/mL) | –1 | –2 (–30, 26) | –8 (–30, 14) | –14 (–40, 11) | –0.02 | –0.02 (–0.07, 0.04) | |
| Per 0.1 ng/mL | 0 | 0 (–1, 1) | 0 (–1.0) | 0 (–1, 0) | 0.00 | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | |
| PFOA | |||||||
| Q1 | 3,441 ± 536 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Q2 | 3,419 ± 522 | –22 | –1 (–75, 74) | 3 (–54, 59) | –36 (–101, 30) | –0.04 | 0.009 (–0.13, 0.14) |
| Q3 | 3,458 ± 488 | 17 | 28 (–45, 102) | 15 (–42, 72) | –7 (–73, 58) | 0.01 | 0.04 (–0.09, 0.17) |
| Q4 | 3,455 ± 488 | 13 | 26 (–47, 98) | 9 (–47, 64) | 4 (–59, 67) | –0.005 | 0.03 (–0.10, 0.16) |
| Per IQR (1.1 ng/mL) | 19 | 21 (–1, 44) | 7 (–10, 23) | 13 (–6, 33) | 0.01 | 0.02 (–0.02, 0.06) | |
| Per 0.1 ng/mL | 2 | 2 (–1, 4) | 1 (–1, 2) | 1 (–1, 3) | 0.00 | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | |
| PFNA | |||||||
| Q1 | 3,458 ± 544 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Q2 | 3,452 ± 496 | –6 | –12 (–85, 61) | –20 (–77, 37) | –26 (–92, 40) | –0.02 | –0.03 (–0.17, 0.10) |
| Q3 | 3,391 ± 501 | –67 | –63 (–137, 11) | –43 (–100, 14) | –72 (–137, –6) | –0.10 | –0.08 (–0.22, 0.05) |
| Q4 | 3,471 ± 490 | 14 | 11 (–62, 84) | 3 (–54, 61) | 10 (–55, 75) | 0.03 | 0.02 (–0.11, 0.16) |
| Per IQR (0.4 ng/mL) | 16 | 15 (–7, 38) | 8 (–9, 25) | 11 (–9, 31) | 0.02 | 0.02 (–0.02, 0.06) | |
| Per 0.1 ng/mL | 4 | 4 (–2, 10) | 2 (–2, 7) | 3 (–2, 9) | 0.01 | 0.01 (0.00, 0.02) | |
| PFDA | |||||||
| Q1 | 3,461 ± 554 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Q2 | 3,432 ± 492 | –29 | –34 (–107, 39) | –45 (–103, 13) | –55 (–120, 11) | –0.09 | –0.10 (–0.24, 0.04) |
| Q3 | 3,411 ± 506 | –50 | –44 (–119, 31) | –55(–113, 2) | –52 (–117, 13) | –0.15 | –0.13 (–0.26, 0.01) |
| Q4 | 3,468 ± 480 | 7 | 17 (–56, 90) | 2 (–55, 59) | 4 (–60, 69) | –0.01 | 0.02 (–0.12, 0.15) |
| Per IQR (0.2 ng/mL) | 11 | 15 (–6, 37) | 9 (–7, 24) | 13 (–6, 31) | 0.01 | 0.02 (–0.01, 0.06) | |
| Per 0.1 ng/mL | 6 | 9 (–3, 21) | 5 (–4, 13) | 7 (–3, 17) | 0.01 | 0.01 (–0.01, 0.03) | |
| PFUnA | |||||||
| Q1 | 3,449 ± 532 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Q2 | 3,439 ± 510 | –10 | 3 (–71, 76) | –3 (–61, 55) | 4 (–60, 69) | –0.04 | –0.007 (–0.15, 0.13) |
| Q3 | 3,459 ± 513 | 10 | 29 (–46, 105) | 17 (–42, 76) | 24 (–43, 91) | –0.02 | 0.03 (–0.11, 0.18) |
| Q4 | 3,425 ± 480 | –24 | 8 (–65, 81) | –13 (–72, 45) | –15 (–81, 51) | –0.11 | –0.03 (–0.17, 0.11) |
| Per IQR (0.2 ng/mL) | –9 | 0 (–21, 21) | –5 (–22, 11) | –8 (–27, 11) | –0.03 | –0.01 (–0.05, 0.03) | |
| Per 0.1 ng/mL | –4 | 0 (–8, 9) | –2 (–9, 5) | –3 (–11, 5) | –0.01 | 0.00 (–0.02, 0.01) | |
| Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; Q, quartile. For PFAA abbreviations see Table 1. aAdjusted for maternal age, prepregnancy BMI and educational level. bAdditionally adjusted for gestational age (continuous). cAdjusted as model A and restricted to term births (> 37 gestational weeks and 0 days). Adjustment for gestational age among infants born at term did not changes the results (data not shown). | |||||||