Table 4.
Sex-stratified associations between levels of perfluoroalkyl acids and birth weight in 764 boys and 743 girls from the Aarhus Birth Cohort, 2008–2013.
| PFAA/exposure scale | Birth weight in boys | Birth weight in girls | Sex-exposure interactionb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude | Adjusteda (95% CI) | Crude | Adjusteda (95% CI) | Adjusteda (95% CI) | |
| PFHxS | |||||
| Q1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Q2 | –14 | –21 (–124, 82) | 5 | 6 (–93, 106) | 27 (–115, 170) |
| Q3 | –31 | –19 (–127, 89) | –19 | –21 (–123, 80) | –3 (–151, 145) |
| Q4 | –13 | –16 (–125, 93) | –56 | –34 (–141, 73) | –17 (–170, 135) |
| Per IQR (0.3 ng/mL) | –14 | –14 (–51, 22) | –5 | –1 (–25, 22) | 13 (–30, 56) |
| Per 0.1 ng/mL | –5 | –5 (–19, 8) | –2 | 0 (–9, 8) | 5 (–11, 21) |
| PFHpS | |||||
| Q1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Q2 | –82 | –69 (–178, 40) | –36 | –39 (–138, 60) | 30 (–117, 177) |
| Q3 | 0 | 0 (–102, 101) | –48 | –60 (–153, 37) | –58 (–197, 82) |
| Q4 | –15 | –16 (–123, 92) | –76 | –78 (–176, 20) | –63 (–208, 83) |
| Per IQR (0.1 ng/mL) | 5 | 4 (–35, 43) | –27 | –30 (–72, 12) | –34 (–91, 23) |
| Per 0.1 ng/mL | 5 | 4 (–32, 39) | –25 | –27 (–65, 11) | –31 (–83, 21) |
| PFOS | |||||
| Q1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Q2 | –132 | –129 (–239, –19) | –37 | –44 (–140, 52) | 85 (–61, 231) |
| Q3 | 16 | 9 (–93, 110) | –56 | –55 (–148, 38) | –63 (–201, 75) |
| Q4 | –40 | –37 (–141, 67) | –73 | –71 (–174, 31) | –34 (–180, 112) |
| Per IQR (4.8 ng/mL) | 25 | 26 (–13, 65) | –32 | –32 (–71, 7) | –58 (–114, –3) |
| Per 0.1 ng/mL | 1 | 1 (0, 1) | –1 | –1 (–1, 0) | –1 (–2, –1) |
| PFOA | |||||
| Q1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Q2 | –35 | –17 (–126, 93) | –11 | 6 (–95, 107) | 23 (–126, 172) |
| Q3 | 36 | 54 (–54, 163) | –11 | –2 (–100, 95) | –56 (–202, 89) |
| Q4 | 11 | 21 (–84, 126) | 11 | 22 (–79, 124) | 1 (–144, 147) |
| Per IQR (1.1 ng/mL) | 27 | 31 (4, 59) | 1 | 4 (–34, 42) | –27 (–74, 20) |
| Per 0.1 ng/mL | 2 | 3 (0, 5) | 0 | 0 (–3, 4) | –2 (–7, 2) |
| PFNA | |||||
| Q1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Q2 | 63 | 62 (–48, 172) | –89 | –97 (–193, –2) | –160 (–305, –14) |
| Q3 | 20 | 19 (–94, 133) | –131 | –123 (–218, –29) | –143 (–291, 5) |
| Q4 | 50 | 46 (–64, 155) | –39 | –35 (–133, 63) | –81 (–228, 66) |
| Per IQR (0.4 ng/mL) | 28 | 27 (–5, 59) | –5 | –4 (–38, 31) | –31 (–78, 16) |
| Per 0.1 ng/mL | 8 | 7 (–2, 16) | –1 | –1 (–11, 8) | –9 (–22, 5) |
| PFDA | |||||
| Q1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Q2 | 11 | 13 (–98, 124) | –65 | –70 (–167, 26) | –84 (–230, 63) |
| Q3 | 30 | 38 (–73, 148) | –136 | –127 (–228, –26) | –165 (–314, –15) |
| Q4 | 74 | 84 (–25, 192) | –73 | –58 (–156, 39) | –142 (–287, 4) |
| Per IQR (0.2 ng/mL) | 18 | 21 (–7, 49) | –6 | 0 (–36, 37) | –20 (–166, 25) |
| Per 0.1 ng/mL | 10 | 12 (–4, 27) | –3 | 0 (–20, 21) | –11 (–37, 14) |
| PFUnA | |||||
| Q1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Q2 | –17 | –12 (–124, 99) | –14 | 0 (–97, 97) | 13 (–135, 161) |
| Q3 | 7 | 25 (–86, 136) | 2 | 24 (–79, 127) | –1 (–152, 150) |
| Q4 | –19 | 13 (–101, 127) | –41 | –11 (–102, 81) | –24 (–169, 122) |
| Per IQR (0.2 ng/mL) | –8 | 1 (–33, 35) | –13 | –5 (–31, 22) | –6 (–49, 37) |
| Per 0.1 ng/mL | –3 | 1 (–14, 15) | –5 | –2 (–13, 9) | –2 (–20, 15) |
| Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; Q, quartile. For PFAA abbreviations, see Table 1. aAdjusted for maternal age, prepregnancy BMI, and educational level. bDifferences in birth weight between sexes are based on girls compared with boys—negative estimates refer to lower birth weight estimates for girls compared with boys. | |||||