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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jun 3.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Mater. 2014 Feb;13(2):106–109. doi: 10.1038/nmat3868

Figure 1. Pathways in gene- and cell-based therapies.

Figure 1

(A) A variety of cell types, including somatic cells (HSCs, T-cells) and pluripotent stem cell (ESCs, iPSCs) derivatives, are available to investigators to address a wide range of pathologies across fields. (B) To enable in vivo monitoring of transplanted cells by protein, enzyme, and receptor-based platforms, cells can be labeled either “directly” (with a physical compound such as iron particles or radiotracers) or “indirectly” (by genetic integration of reporter gene(s)). (C) Targeted genome editing can be achieved by several techniques, including ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR approaches. Dual editing of cells to integrate corrected gene products with reporter cassettes will facilitate informed assessment of their safety and efficacy by bioimaging. HSCs, hematopoietic stem cells; ESCs, embryonic stem cells; iPSCs, induced pluripotent stem cells; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; PET/SPECT, positron emission tomography/single photon emission computed tomography; BLI, bioluminescent imaging; ZFN, zinc finger nuclease; TALEN, transcription activator-like effector nuclease; CRISPR, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats.