Table 4.
Moderators of overall smoking abstinence at the final available assessment.a
| Characteristics | Moderators | kb | B (SE) | ORc (95% CId) | QB e | |
| Sample | ||||||
|
|
Women, % | 19 | 0.58 (0.26)* |
|
1.07 | |
|
|
Mean Age | 19 | 0.39 (0.24) |
|
0.10 | |
|
|
Region of Sample | 14.38** | ||||
|
|
Europe | 8 |
|
1.46 (1.31, 1.62) |
|
|
|
|
North America | 5 |
|
1.94 (1.41, 2.67) |
|
|
|
|
Oceania | 4 |
|
1.12 (0.97, 1.30) |
|
|
|
|
Asia | 2 |
|
2.16 (1.02, 4.61) |
|
|
| Methods | ||||||
|
|
Methodological quality rating | 19 | 0.44 (0.45) |
|
0.07 | |
|
|
Recruitment | 6.39* | ||||
|
|
Web-based | 6 |
|
1.72 (1.41, 2.11) |
|
|
|
|
Offline | 6 |
|
1.45 (1.05, 2.00) |
|
|
|
|
Web-based and offline | 7 |
|
1.30 (1.18, 1.43) |
|
|
| Intervention | ||||||
|
|
Intervention duration, no. days | 19 | 0.21 (0.09)* |
|
1.48 | |
|
|
Intervention type | 0.67 | ||||
|
|
Text | 8 |
|
1.33 (1.17, 1.52) |
|
|
|
|
Text+ | 11 |
|
1.45 (1.23, 1.70) |
|
|
|
|
Text messages, n sent | 19 | 0.54 (0.16)*** |
|
2.24 | |
|
|
Frequency of texts | 0.10 | ||||
|
|
Varied | 13 |
|
1.40 (1.20, 1.64) |
|
|
|
|
Other | 6 |
|
1.36 (1.17, 1.57) |
|
|
|
|
Communication flow | 0.27 | ||||
|
|
One-way | 2 |
|
1.53 (1.02, 2.28) |
|
|
|
|
Two-way | 17 |
|
1.37 (1.23, 1.52) |
|
|
|
|
Intervention targeted | 2.06 | ||||
|
|
Yes | 15 |
|
1.41 (1.28, 1.55) |
|
|
|
|
No | 4 |
|
1.20 (0.98, 1.47) |
|
|
|
|
Provided counseling | 3.41 | ||||
|
|
Yes | 3 |
|
1.85 (1.33, 2.58) |
|
|
|
|
No | 16 |
|
1.34 (1.23, 1.46) |
|
|
|
|
Decisional balance exercise | 0.09 | ||||
|
|
Yes | 9 |
|
1.41 (1.18, 1.69) |
|
|
|
|
No | 10 |
|
1.36 (1.20, 1.55) |
|
|
|
|
Personalized feedback | 0.00 | ||||
|
|
Yes | 13 |
|
1.38 (1.23, 1.54) |
|
|
|
|
No | 6 |
|
1.39 (1.07, 1.80) |
|
|
|
|
Self-efficacy addressed | 0.09 | ||||
|
|
Yes | 17 |
|
1.37 (1.24, 1.52) |
|
|
|
|
No | 2 |
|
1.49 (0.88, 2.54) |
|
|
|
|
Social support | 0.89 | ||||
|
|
Yes | 11 |
|
1.42 (1.26, 1.59) |
|
|
|
|
No | 8 |
|
1.28 (1.07, 1.53) |
|
|
|
|
Biomedical intervention | 0.71 | ||||
|
|
Yes | 9 |
|
1.42 (1.25, 1.60) |
|
|
|
|
No | 10 |
|
1.30 (1.11, 1.53) |
|
|
|
|
Active control | 2.37 | ||||
|
|
Yes | 16 |
|
1.42 (1.29, 1.55) |
|
|
|
|
No | 3 |
|
1.20 (0.99, 1.45) |
|
|
aMeta-regression (continuous variables) and the meta-analytic analogue to the ANOVA (categorical variables) homogeneity analysis were conducted to examine potential moderators of smoking abstinence. All moderator tests are based on random-effects models.
bNumber of interventions.
cSummary odds ratio.
dconfidence interval.
eHomogeneity test for between-groups.
*P<.05; **P<.01; ***P<.001.