Table 2.
Description of Momentary Questionnaire
| Question | Dutch | Translation | Response range | Range | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Ik probeerde in slaap te vallen om… | I tried to fall asleep at… | Hours - minutes | n/a | Time of trying to sleep |
| 2. | Aantal minuten totdat ik in slaap viel | Number of minutes until falling asleep | Number of minutes | n/a | Time until falling asleep |
| 3. | Ik werd wakker om… | I woke up at… | Hours - minutes | n/a | Time of waking up |
| 4. | Hoeveel keer werd ik wakker gedurende de nacht? | How many times did I wake up during the night? | 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more | 0–5 | Frequency of awakenings |
| 5. | Totaal aantal minuten wakker geweest | Total number of minutes awake | Number of minutes | Time of awakenings | |
| 6. | Mijn slaapkwaliteit was | My sleep quality was | “Very bad” to “Very good” | 0–100 | Sleep quality |
| 7. | Ik heb vervelend gedroomd | I had bad dreams | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Nightmares |
| 8. | Ik voelde me uitgerust bij het wakker worden | I felt rested when I woke up | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Rest |
| 9. | Ik ben nu… | I am now… | (1) Home (2) Work/school (3) On the way (4) Restaurant/café (5) In nature (6) Vacation home/hotel/camping (7) Hospital/care facility (8) Shop (9) Gym/sports club (10) Somewhere else |
1–10 | Current location (only one box could be checked) |
| 10. | Ik ben nu… | I am now… | (1) Alone (2) With partner (3) With family (4) With friends (5) With fellow students (6) With colleagues (7) With acquaintances (8) With strangers |
1–8 | Current social context (multiple answers possible) |
| 11. | Ik voel me nu plezierig | I feel pleasurable | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Current pleasure |
| 12. | Ik voelde me geïnteresseerd in de dingen om me heen | I felt interested in the things around me | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Positive affect, low arousal |
| 13. | Ik voelde me overstuur | I felt upset | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Negative affect, high arousal |
| 14. | Ik voelde me opgewekt | I felt joyful | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Positive affect, high arousal |
| 15. | Ik voelde me somber | I felt gloomy | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Negative affect, low arousal |
| 16. | Ik voelde me daadkrachtig | I felt determined | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Positive affect, high arousal |
| 17. | Ik was niet vooruit te branden | I felt sluggish | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Negative affect, low arousal |
| 18. | Ik voelde me kalm | I felt calm | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Positive affect, low arousal |
| 19. | Ik voelde me angstig | I felt anxious | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Negative affect, high arousal |
| 20. | Ik voelde me levenslustig | I felt lively | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Positive affect, high arousal |
| 21. | Ik voelde me verveeld | I felt bored | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Negative affect, low arousal |
| 22. | Ik voelde me enthousiast | I felt enthusiastic | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Positive affect, high arousal |
| 23. | Ik voelde me geirriteerd | I felt irritated | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Negative affect, high arousal |
| 24. | Ik voelde me ontspannen | I felt relaxed | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Positive affect, low arousal |
| 25. | Ik voelde me vrolijk | I felt cheerful | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Positive affect, high arousal |
| 26. | Ik voelde me nerveus | I felt nervous | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Negative affect, high arousal |
| 27. | Ik voelde me tevreden | I felt content | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Positive affect, low arousal |
| 28. | Ik voelde me lusteloos | I felt listless | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Negative affect, low arousal |
| 29. | Ik voelde me energiek | I felt energetic | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Positive affect, high arousal |
| 30. | Ik heb sinds de laatste meting plezier gehad | I experienced pleasure since the last assessment | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Pleasure since the last assessment |
| 31. | Ik heb gepiekerd | I have been worrying | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Worrying |
| 32. | Ik was tevreden over mezelf | I was pleased with myself | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Self-esteem |
| 33. | Waar was ik sinds de vorige meting? | Where was I since the last assessment? | (1) Home (2) Work/school (3) On the way (4) Restaurant/café (5) In nature (6) Vacation home/hotel/camping (7) Hospital/care facility (8) Shop (9) Gym/sports club (10) Somewhere else |
1–10 | Location since last assessment (multiple answers possible). In case of multiple locations, go to 34. |
| 34. | Waar heb ik de meeste tijd doorgebracht? | Where have I spent most time? | Only locations checked in previous question | Main location (only one answer possible). | |
| 35. | Ik ben sinds de laatste meting buiten geweest | I have been outside since the last assessment | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Being outside |
| 36. | Ik was sinds de laatste meting | Since the last assessment, I was | (1) Alone (2) With partner (3) With family (4) With friends (5) With fellow students (6) With colleagues (7) With acquaintances (8) With strangers |
1–8 | Social context since last assessment (multiple answers possible). All checked answers were included in next question |
| 36. a-x | Tijd die ik met [gezelschap uit vraag 36] heb doorgebracht | Time spent with [company from question 36] | “Very little” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Time spent in social context |
| 37. | Hoeveel heb ik gepraat met andere mensen? | How much have I been talking to other people? | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Social interaction |
| 38. | Ik heb sinds de laatste meting de volgende activiteiten gedaan: | I participated in the following activities since the last assessment: | (1) Watching TV (2) Listening to music (3) Studying (4) Reading a book or magazine (5) Shopping (6) Using the internet (7) Gaming (8) Working (9) Having sex (alone or with someone else) (10) Household chores (11) Sports (12) Going to a bar or club (13) Going out for dinner (14) Going to the movies, theatre, museum or concert (15) Sleeping (16) Using social media (17) Hobbies (18) Other, namely…. |
1–18 | Activities (multiple answers possible) |
| 39. | Ik ben sinds de laatste meting lichamelijk actief geweest | I have been physically active since the last assessment | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | |
| 40. | Ik heb sinds de laatste meting de volgende middelen gebruikt: | I used the following substances since the last assessment: | (1) Nothing (2) Caffeine (3) Nicotine (4) Medication (5) Alcohol (6) Cannabis (7) Stimulants (8) Sedatives (9) Other drugs |
1–9 | Substance use (if caffeine, nicotine, or alcohol was checked, go to question 41) |
| 41. | Aantal [cafeine-houdende drankjes/sigaretten/glazen alcohol] dat ik sinds de laatste meting heb [gedronken/gerookt/gedronken] | Number of [caffeine-containing drinks/cigarettes/glasses of alcohol] consumed since the last assessment | Number | n/a | Amount of substance use |
| 42. | Ik heb sinds de laatste meting het volgende gegeten: | I have eaten the following since the last assessment: | (1) Nothing (2) Dairy products (3) Vegetables/fruit (4) Bread/pasta/rice/potatoes (5) Meat (6) Fish (7) Eggs (8) Nuts (9) Meat or dairy substitutes |
1–9 | Food intake |
| 43. | Hoeveel zoete snacks (bijv. koek, snoep) heb ik gegeten? | How many sweet snacks (e.g., cookies, sweets) did I eat? | “Nothing” to “A lot” | 0–100 | Sweet snacks |
| 44. | Hoeveel hartige snacks (bijv. patat, chips) heb ik gegeten? | How many savory snacks (e.g., French fries, potato chips) did I eat? | “Nothing” to “A lot” | 0–100 | Savory snacks |
| 45. | Denk aan de leukste gebeurtenis die je hebt meegemaakt sinds de laatste meting: hoe plezierig was deze gebeurtenis voor jou? | Think about the most pleasant event you experienced since the last assessment: how enjoyable was this experience? | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Pleasantness most positive event |
| 46. | Denk aan de leukste gebeurtenis die je hebt meegemaakt sinds de laatste meting: hoe belangrijk was deze gebeurtenis voor jou? | Think about the most pleasant event you experienced since the last assessment: how important was this experience? | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Importance most positive event |
| 47. | Denk aan de vervelendste gebeurtenis die je hebt meegemaakt sinds de laatste meting: hoe onplezierig was deze gebeurtenis voor jou? | Think about the most unpleasant event you experienced since the last assessment: how unpleasant was this event? | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Unpleasantness most negative event |
| 48. | Denk aan de vervelendste gebeurtenis die je hebt meegemaakt sinds de laatste meting: hoe belangrijk was deze gebeurtenis voor jou? | Think about the most unpleasant event you experienced since the last assessment: how important was this event? | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Importance most negative event |
| 49. | Ik heb sinds de laatste meting lichamelijk ongemak ervaren (hoofdpijn, diarree, zware benen, etc.) | I have experienced physical discomfort since the last assessments (head ache, diarrhea, heavy legs, etc.) | “Not at all” to “Very much” | 0–100 | Physical discomfort |
| 50. | Sinds de laatste meting had ik het: | How busy was I since the last assessment: | (1) Much too busy (2) Too busy (3) Pleasantly busy (4) Neutral (5) Pleasantly quiet (6) Too quiet (7) Much too quiet |
1–7 | Time pressure/stress |
Note. The affect items (i.e., item 12–29) were assessed about the current moment in the morning assessment, and about the time since the last assessment in the afternoon and evening assessments. These items are based on Russell’s circumplex model of affect [68], including items for high and low arousal PA and NA, and we created some additional items to measure pleasure (items 11, 30), interest (item 12), and motivation (items 16, 17, 28). The sleep items (items 1–8) were based on the Pittsburgh sleep diary [69]. Items for location (items 9, 33), social context (items 10, 36, 36a-x), worrying (item 31), self-esteem (item 32), being outside (item 35), social interaction (item 37), activities (item 38), physical activity (item 39), positive and negative events (items 45–48), physical discomfort (item 49), and time pressure (item 50) were adapted from previous ESM studies [55, 70–73]. We created new items to assess substance use (items 40–41), food intake (item 42), and sweet and savory snacks (items 43, 44)