Table 1. Clinical and biochemical characteristics of subjects according to occurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus.
| Non GDM | GDM | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 16027 | 1332 | |
| Variables at first antenatal care visit | |||
| Age, year | 28.4 ± 2.8 | 29.5 ± 3.1 | <0.001* |
| Age group, year | <0.001** | ||
| <30 | 12275(76.6%) | 871(65.4%) | |
| ≥30–<35 | 3367(21.0%) | 385(28.9%) | |
| ≥35 | 385(2.4%) | 76(5.7%) | |
| Height, cm | 163.2 ± 4.7 | 162.7 ± 4.7 | <0.001* |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.1 ± 3.3 | 24.1 ± 3.9 | <0.001* |
| BMI group, kg/m2 | <0.001** | ||
| <18.5 | 1676(10.5%) | 47(3.5%) | |
| ≥18.5–<25 | 11607(72.4%) | 799(60.0%) | |
| ≥25–<30 | 2318(14.5%) | 388(29.1%) | |
| ≥30 | 420(2.6%) | 98(7.4%) | |
| Gestational age at first antenatal care visit, weeks | 9.8 ± 1.6 | 9.8 ± 1.6 | 0.849* |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 68.3 ± 7.7 | 70.4 ± 8.0 | <0.001* |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 105.3 ± 10.5 | 108.4 ± 11.0 | <0.001* |
| Parity≥1 | 500(3.1%) | 53(4.0%) | 0.086** |
| Han-ethnicity | 15297(95.4%) | 1288(96.7%) | 0.033** |
| Family history of diabetes in first degree relatives | 1208(7.5%) | 184(13.8%) | <0.001** |
| Education >12 years | 13475(84.2%) | 1099(82.7%) | 0.148** |
| Multiple pregnancies | 154(1.0%) | 20(1.5%) | 0.060** |
| ALT level, U/L | 15(11–21) | 18(13–26) | <0.001§ |
| <22 | 12178(76.0%) | 853(64.0%) | <0.001** |
| ≥22–<40 | 3003(18.7%) | 359(27.0%) | |
| ≥40 | 846(5.3%) | 120(9.0%) | |
| Variables at GCT | |||
| Gestational age at GCT, weeks | 24.8 ± 2.5 | 24.8 ± 1.8 | 0.091* |
| Weight gain from first antenatal care visit to GCT, kg | 7.5 ± 3.4 | 7.5 ± 3.6 | 0.453* |
| Smoking habit | |||
| Habitual smoker before pregnancy† | 473(3.0%) | 55(4.1%) | 0.016** |
| Habitual smoker during pregnancy‡ | 98(0.6%) | 11(0.8%) | 0.341** |
| Alcohol drinking habit | |||
| Alcohol drinker before pregnancy | 4935(30.8%) | 413(31.0%) | 0.871** |
| Alcohol drinker during pregnancy | 115(0.7%) | 10(0.8%) | 0.890** |
Data are reported in mean ± SD or number (%) or median (interquartile range).
BMI, body mass index; GCT, glucose challenge test; ALT, alanine aminotransferase.
*Derived from Student’s t- test.
**Derived from Chi-square test or Fisher’s Exact Test.
§Derived from Mann-Whitney U- test.
†Defined as having continuously smoked one or more cigarette per day for at least six months.
‡Defined as having smoked one or more cigarette per day during pregnancy.