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. 2016 Spring;4(2):55–64.

Table 1.

Charecteristics of included studies

Study No. of patient
(+ / -)
Age 1 (years) Male (%) Reference / Index Transducer / Operator Sampling / Fracture Weaknesses
Hendrich 1995 ( 1 ) 15 / 30 45 (29-61) 57.8 CXR / US 7.5 MHz /
Radiologist
Convenience / sternum Low sample size
Possibility of selection bias
Engin 2000 ( 2 ) 18 / 5 35.4 (18-75) 82.6 CXR / US 7.5 MHz /
Radiologist
Convenience / Sternum Retrospective design
Low sample size
Possibility of selection bias
Hurley 2004 ( 8 ) 15 / 5 31 (16-55) 78.6 CT / US, CXR 12.5 MHz /
Radiologist
Consecutive / Rib Low sample size
Rainer 2004 ( 11 ) 76 / 12 51 ± 19 59 CT / US, CXR 5-to 10-MHz / Radiologist Convenience / Sternum
Jin 2006 ( 10 ) 23 / 16 45.2 (15-82) 52 CT / US, CXR 5-to 9-MHz / Radiologist Convenience / Multiple Low sample size
Possibility of selection bias
Traub 2007 ( 14 ) 68 / 73 47 .2 (18-89) 75 CT / CXR NA /
Radiologist
Convenience / Rib Retrospective design
Possibility of selection bias
Wootton- Gorges 2008 ( 17 ) 131 / 94 0.2 (0.1-0.5) 41.7 CT / CXR NA /
Radiologist
Consecutive / Rib Retrospective design
Possibility of selection bias
Low sample size
Cross 2010 ( 18 ) 43 / 57 10.7 (1-17) 87.3 CXR / US 10- to 15-MHz/ EP Convenience / Clavicle Possibility of selection bias
Weinberg 2010 ( 20 ) 25 / 187 13 (3-23) NR CT / US 7.5- to 10-MHz/ EP Convenience / Clavicle and rib Possibility of selection bias
You 2010 ( 21 ) 24 / 12 43 (8-73) 52.8 CT / US 7-to 12-MHz / Radiologist Consecutive / Rib Low sample size
Szucs-Farkas 2011 ( 22 ) 39 / 24 64.4 ± 14.7 73 CT / CXR NA /
Radiologist
Convenience / Rib Retrospective design
Low sample size
Possibility of selection bias
Yazkan 2012 ( 23 ) 83 / 83 40.8 (16-92) 73.5 CT / CXR NA /
Surgeon
Consecutive / Rib Retrospective design
Błasińska 2013 ( 24 ) 34 / 26 NR NR CT / CXR NA /
Radiologist
Consecutive / Multiple Low sample size
Chardoli 2013 ( 25 ) 51 / 149 37.9 (16 - 90) 84 CT / CXR NA / EP Convenience / Rib The interpretation of the CXR and CT were not in blind fashion
Possible selection bias
Uzun 2013 ( 12 ) 92 / 8 28 (15 - 40) 73 CT / US, CXR NR /
Radiologist
Consecutive / Rib Possibility of reporting bias
Hoffstetter 2014 ( 26 ) 15 / 24 61 (24-87) 60.7 CT / CXR NA /
Radiologist
Consecutive / Multiple Retrospective design
Low sample size
Park 2015 ( 27 ) 55 / 55 56.2 (16.9) 57.4 CT / CXR NA /
Radiologist
Consecutive / Rib Low sample size

1, (+ / -): number of patient with fracture / number of patient without fracture; 2, Number are presented as mean ± standard deviation or (range). CT: Computed tomography; CXR: Chest radiography; EP: Emergency physician; NA: Not applicable; NR: Not Reported; US: Ultrasonography