Table 5.
Diabetes knowledge, confidence and management at 24 months follow-up
| Young person |
Parent/carer |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention N=144 |
Control N=151 |
Intervention effect | Intervention N=137 |
Control N=140 |
Intervention effect | |
| Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Estimate effect (95% CI) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Estimate effect (95% CI) | |
| Regimen | ||||||
| Number of injections per day | 4.0 (4.0, 4.0) | 4.0 (4.0, 4.0) | −0.14 (−0.43 to 0.15) | |||
| Average total dose of quick acting insulin per day | 34.0 (25.0, 50.0) | 30.0 (18.0, 40.0) | 6.87 (1.26 to 12.57) | |||
| Average total dose of slow acting insulin per day | 29.0 (22.0, 42.0) | 27.5 (19.0, 34.5) | 5.85 (1.58 to 9.73) | |||
| Management | ||||||
| Number of severe hypoglycemic episodes in last month; n (%) | ||||||
| 1 | 6 (4.4) | 7 (5.0) | 0.92* (0.32 to 2.59 | |||
| 2 | 1 (0.7) | 3 (2.1) | ||||
| 3 | 3 (2.2) | 1 (0.7) | ||||
| Number of times admitted in past 6 months; n (%) | ||||||
| 1 | 11 (8.0) | 12 (8.6) | 0.95* (0.46 to 1.96) | |||
| 2 | 2 (1.5) | 3 (2.1) | ||||
| 3 | 2 (1.5) | 1 (0.7) | ||||
| 4 | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
| 6 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.7) | ||||
| Number of times attended diabetes clinic in last year | 4.0 (3.0, 4.0) | 4.0 (3.5, 4.0) | −0.18 (−0.41 to 0.06) | |||
| Visit hospital doctor most/every visit; n (%) | 121 (93.8) | 115 (85.8) | 3.09 (1.07 to 8.91) | |||
| Visit diabetes nurse most/every visit; n (%) | 125 (94.7) | 122 (90.4) | 2.70 (0.92 to 7.92) | |||
| Visit dietician occasionally or more often; n (%) | 118 (92.2) | 106 (85.5) | 2.26 (0.86 to 5.93) | |||
| Visit psychologist occasionally or more often; n (%) | 27 (25.5) | 14 (12.8) | 3.85 (0.77 to 19.31) | |||
| PedsQL—general | ||||||
| Physical health summary score | 90.6 (81.3, 96.9) | 87.5 (81.3, 96.9) | 1.14 (−1.28 to 3.32) | 87.5 (81.3, 93.8) | 87.5 (71.9, 93.8) | 2.00 (−2.04 to 5.29) |
| Psychosocial health summary score | 80.0 (68.3, 88.3) | 81.7 (71.7, 88.3) | −1.17 (−3.69 to 1.45) | 75.0 (63.3, 88.3) | 73.3 (61.7, 84.2) | 0.03 (−3.08 to 3.66) |
| Total score | 83.7 (75.0, 90.2) | 84.2 (75.0, 90.2) | −0.33 (−2.53 to 1.97) | 77.2 (69.6, 90.2) | 77.2 (66.3, 87.0) | 0.58 (−2.70 to 3.46) |
| PedsQL—diabetes module | ||||||
| Diabetes score | 63.6 (50.0, 75.0) | 63.6 (54.5, 75.0) | −0.02 (−3.19 to 2.72) | 56.8 (47.7, 68.2) | 56.8 (45.5, 71.6) | −0.08 (−2.83 to 3.12) |
| Treatment 1 score | 75.0 (62.5, 87.5) | 81.3 (62.5, 93.8) | −1.05 (−4.52 to 2.32) | 68.8 (50.0, 81.3) | 62.5 (50.0, 81.3) | 2.20 (−2.31 to 6.88) |
| Treatment 2 score | 85.7 (71.4, 95.8) | 85.7 (75.0, 95.8) | −1.49 (−4.53 to 1.42) | 78.6 (64.3, 89.3) | 78.6 (64.3, 92.9) | −1.10 (−4.49 to 2.50) |
| Worry score | 75.0 (58.3, 87.5) | 75.0 (58.3, 91.7) | −0.32 (−4.64 to 4.52) | 66.7 (50.0, 83.3) | 66.7 (50.0, 89.6) | 0.66 (−3.75 to 5.14) |
| Communication score | 83.3 (58.3, 91.7) | 83.3 (66.7, 100.0) | −1.06 (−5.34 to 3.59) | 75.0 (50.0, 100.0) | 83.3 (50.0, 100.0) | −2.54 (−9.06 to 4.16) |
| Diabetes family responsibility questionnaire | ||||||
| Family responsibility total score—young person (weighted *†) | 38.0 (34.0, 41.0) | 37.0 (34.0, 42.0) | 0.71 (−0.07 to 1.44) | 35.0 (31.9, 38.0) | 34.0 (30.0, 38.5) | 0.60 (−0.43 to 1.47) |
| Dyadic parent–child responsibility pattern | – | – | – | 0 (0, 1) | 0 (0, 1) | −0.03 (−0.26 to 0.23) |
| Strengths and difficulties questionnaire | ||||||
| Strengths and difficulties total average impact score | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.04 (−0.14 to 0.21) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | −0.09 (−0.41 to 0.26) |
| Normal; n (%) | 130 (91.6) | 135 (89.4) | – | 110 (82.7) | 107 (77.0) | – |
| Borderline; n (%) | 2 (1.4) | 4 (2.7) | 2 (1.5) | 6 (4.3) | ||
| Abnormal; n (%) | 10 (7.0) | 12 (8.0) | 21 (15.8) | 26 (18.7) | ||
| Body weight and insulin | ||||||
| Happiness with body weight | 7.0 (4.0, 9.0) | 7.0 (5.0, 9.0) | −0.56 (−1.03 to −0.06) | – | – | – |
| Number of times skipped insulin in last month | 0 (0, 2) | 0 (0, 2) | 1.30* (0.78 to 2.17) | – | – | – |
| Ever skipped insulin to lose weight; n (%) | 5 (3.5) | 7 (4.6) | 0.72 (0.22 to 2.33) | – | – | – |
*OR for once or more versus none.
†Weighted to allow for non-response.
PedsQL, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory.