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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jun 6.
Published in final edited form as: J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2012 Mar 30;42(4):A1–57. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2012.42.4.A1

Table 1.

Levels of Evidence

I Evidence obtained from high quality diagnostic studies, prospective studies, or randomized controlled trials
II Evidence obtained from lesser-quality diagnostic studies, prospective studies, or, randomized controlled trials (eg, weaker diagnostic criteria and reference standards, improper randomization, no blinding, <80% follow-up)
III Case controlled studies or retrospective studies
IV Case series
V Expert opinion