Table 1. Unweighted Descriptive Statistics of Variables Used in Analysis.
| Variables | Mean | (SD) |
|---|---|---|
| Woodcock-Johnson Passage Comprehension (y9) | 93.28 | (13.63) |
| Woodcock-Johnson Applied Problems (y9) | 98.36 | (15.64) |
| Internalizing problems (y3) | 0.39 | (0.24) |
| Internalizing problems (y5) | 0.24 | (0.21) |
| Externalizing problems (y3) | 0.61 | (0.35) |
| Externalizing problems (y5) | 0.44 | (0.27) |
| Attention problems (y3) | 0.92 | (0.49) |
| Attention problems (y5) | 0.26 | (0.27) |
| Timing and chronicity of internalizing problems (y3, y5) | ||
| Problems at age 3 | 12.3% | |
| Problems at age 5 | 11.2% | |
| Problems at ages 3 and 5 | 10.0% | |
| No problems | 66.5% | |
| Timing and chronicity of externalizing problems (y3, y5) | ||
| Problems at age 3 | 12.0% | |
| Problems at age 5 | 10.3% | |
| Problems at ages 3 and 5 | 12.1% | |
| No problems | 65.6% | |
| Timing and chronicity of attention problems (y3, y5) | ||
| Problems at age 3 | 14.6% | |
| Problems at age 5 | 13.2% | |
| Problems at ages 3 and 5 | 10.3% | |
| No problems | 61.8% | |
| Mother's race (b) | ||
| White | 21.7% | |
| Black | 52.2% | |
| Hispanic | 22.6% | |
| Other race | 3.4% | |
| Mother foreign-born (b) | 11.4% | |
| Mother's age (b) | 25.10 | (6.01) |
| Parent's marital status (b) | ||
| Married | 23.8% | |
| Cohabiting | 35.4% | |
| Nonresidential romantic relationship | 28.5% | |
| Separated | 12.3% | |
| Number of siblings (b) | 1.28 | (1.32) |
| Mother's education (b) | ||
| Less than high school | 31.7% | |
| High school diploma or GED | 31.1% | |
| Some college | 26.2% | |
| College degree | 11.0% | |
| Father's education (b) | ||
| Less than high school | 30.8% | |
| High school diploma or GED | 37.5% | |
| Some college | 21.3% | |
| College degree | 10.1% | |
| Mother's household income (log) (b) | 9.87 | (1.38) |
| Mother employed (y1) | 54.8% | |
| Mother receives welfare (y1) | 27.0% | |
| Mother depressed (y1) | 16.4% | |
| Mother engagement (y1) | 5.13 | (1.26) |
| Child is male (b) | 52.0% | |
| Child born low birth weight (b) | 9.6% | |
| Child breastfed (b) | 55.6% | |
| Child age, in months (y9) | 111.72 | (3.96) |
| PPVT score (y3) | 86.07 | (16.40) |
| Woodcock-Johnson Letter Recognition (y5) | 99.90 | (15.04) |
| Mother engagement (y5) | 4.63 | (1.18) |
| N | 2,302 | |
Note: b: measured at baseline; y1: measured at 1-year survey; y3: measured at 3-year survey; y5: measured at 5-year survey; y9: measured at 9-year survey.