Table 3. Unweighted OLS Regression Models Estimating Test Scores at Age Nine as a Function of Problem Behaviors at School Entry.
| W-J Passage Comprehension | W-J Applied Problems | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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|
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| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| Internalizing problem behaviors | -0.56 (0.34) | 0.05 (0.27) | 0.21 (0.29) | -0.38 (0.44) | 0.20 (0.41) | 0.36 (0.39) |
| Externalizing problem behaviors | -0.19 (0.38) | 0.32 (0.33) | 0.24 (0.32) | -0.25 (0.50) | 0.51 (0.40) | 0.43 (0.38) |
| Attention problem behaviors | -1.61 (0.36) *** | -1.63 (0.37) *** | -1.43 (0.35) ** | -2.29 (0.58) ** | -2.49 (0.55) *** | -2.29 (0.50)*** |
| Mother's race (reference = White) | ||||||
| Black | -2.84 (0.89) ** | -1.48 (0.90) | -5.00 (1.32) ** | -3.61 (1.35) * | ||
| Hispanic | -3.61 (0.71) *** | -2.37 (0.74) ** | -4.39 (0.89) *** | -3.13 (0.89) ** | ||
| Other race | -0.02 (1.25) | 0.43 (1.15) | -0.84 (1.39) | -0.37 (1.37) | ||
| Mother foreign-born | 0.45 (0.77) | 1.67 (0.86) | 2.26 (0.87) * | 3.49 (0.95) ** | ||
| Mother's age | -0.05 (0.08) | -0.06 (0.08) | -0.05 (0.07) | -0.05 (0.08) | ||
| Parent's marital status (reference = married) | ||||||
| Cohabiting | 0.34 (0.87) | 0.34 (0.85) | 0.45 (1.00) | 0.46 (1.01) | ||
| Nonresidential romantic relationship | -1.07 (0.98) | -1.07 (0.89) | -0.85 (0.96) | -0.85 (1.02) | ||
| Separated | -0.39 (0.93) | -0.57 (0.85) | -0.40 (1.32) | -0.57 (1.28) | ||
| Number of siblings | -0.49 (0.28) | -0.40 (0.27) | -0.15 (0.23) | -0.06 (0.23) | ||
| Mother's education (reference = less than HS) | ||||||
| High school diploma or GED | 0.87 (0.53) | 1.18 (0.47) * | 1.30 (0.77) | 1.61 (0.74) * | ||
| Some college | 2.33 (0.79) ** | 1.86 (0.82) * | 3.42 (0.98) ** | 2.93 (0.90) ** | ||
| College degree | 7.13 (0.87) *** | 5.57 (1.04) *** | 7.32 (1.59) *** | 5.73 (1.56) ** | ||
| Father's education (reference = less than HS) | ||||||
| High school diploma or GED | 0.13 (0.51) | -0.01 (0.50) | -1.20 (0.67) | -1.33 (0.69) | ||
| Some college | 2.52 (0.71) ** | 2.27 (0.71) ** | 2.41 (0.79) ** | 2.16 (0.80) * | ||
| College degree | 1.74 (0.96) | 1.43 (0.99) | 2.59 (1.06) * | 2.27 (1.13) | ||
| Mother's household income (log) | 0.80 (0.27) ** | 0.71 (0.27) * | 0.73 (0.25) ** | 0.64 (0.26) * | ||
| Mother employed | 1.35 (0.59) * | 1.42 (0.59) * | 0.93 (0.56) | 1.00 (0.54) | ||
| Mother receives welfare | -0.77 (0.63) | -0.57 (0.66) | -1.28 (0.57) * | -1.09 (0.57) | ||
| Mother depressed | 1.77 (0.67) * | 1.87 (0.69) * | 0.22 (0.75) | 0.31 (0.75) | ||
| Mother engagement | 0.54 (0.17) ** | 0.40 (0.17) * | 0.27 (0.31) | 0.12 (0.30) | ||
| Child is male | -3.44 (0.52) *** | -3.14 (0.50) *** | -0.58 (0.47) | -0.28 (0.44) | ||
| Child born low birth weight | -2.79 (0.98) * | -2.27 (0.92) * | -4.20 (0.95) *** | -3.66 (0.90) ** | ||
| Child breastfed | 0.46 (0.44) | 0.22 (0.46) | 1.12 (0.70) | 0.87 (0.68) | ||
| Child age, in months | -0.23 (0.06) ** | -0.22 (0.06) ** | -0.24 (0.06) *** | -0.23 (0.05) *** | ||
| PPVT score | 0.17 (0.02) *** | 0.18 (0.02) *** | ||||
| Constant | 93.28 | 110.92 | 95.91 | 98.36 | 118.99 | 103.79 |
| R-squared | 0.02 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.20 |
| N | 2,302 | 2,302 | 2,302 | 2,302 | 2,302 | 2,302 |
Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.