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. 2016 May 31;7:11629. doi: 10.1038/ncomms11629

Table 1. The mean, median and range of concentrations for 32 pesticide active ingredients detected in pollen samples collected from honey bee colonies over a 16-week period.

Chemical Pesticide type Site 1: non-agricultural area
Site 2: untreated maize
Site 3: treated maize
LOD (p.p.b.)
    % of samples detected (n=30) Mean, median conc. (p.p.b.) % of samples detected (n=24) Mean, median conc. (p.p.b.) % of samples detected (n=32) Mean, median conc. (p.p.b.)  
Carbaryl Carbamate 6.67% <LOD, 0.0(0.12–0.30) 8.33% 0.07, 0.0(0.20–1.45) 25% 0.52, 0.0 (0.09–10.55) 0.02
Methomyl   6.67% <LOD, 0.0 (0.12–0.15) 4.17% 0.09, 0.0 (2.07–2.07) 9.38% <LOD, 0.0 (0.17–0.63) 0.09
Azoxystrobin Fungicide 93.33% 1.63, 0.868 (0.1–10.39) 87.5% 1.90, 0.92 (0.10–8.32) 87.5% 2.39, 0.66 (0.09–28.31) 0.08
Difenoconazole   6.67% 0.39, 0.0 (4.65–6.93) 12.5% 0.21, 0.0 (0.54–2.73) 6.25% <LOD, 0.0 (0.35–0.68) 0.14
Dimoxystrobin   20% 0.01, 0.0 (0.02–0.10) 8.33% 0.003, 0.0 (0.01–0.05) ND . 0.002
Metalaxyl   26.67% 0.09, 0.0 (0.03–1.45) 33.33% 0.09, 0.0 (0.03–0.68) 31.25% 0.05, 0.0 (0.03–0.42) 0.004
Propiconazole   23.33% 0.25, 0.0 (0.47–2.26) 37.5% 0.57, 0.0 (0.12–4.34) 21.88% 0.52, 0.0 (0.34–6.57) 0.05
Pyraclostrobin   36.67% 1.74, 0.0 (0.05–12.0) 33.33% 1.73, 0.0 (0.62–11.67) 28.13% 2.32, 0.0 (0.61–31.46) 0.04
Trifloxystrobin   63.33% 0.97, 0.156 (0.03–15.16) 62.5% 0.52, 0.16 (0.02–6.83) 65.63% 0.35, 0.11 (0.03–3.32) 0.02
2,4–D Herbicide ND . 12.5% <LOD, 0.0 (4.08–12.39) ND . 1.44
Acetochlor   10% 0.14, 0.0 (0.36–2.99) 25% 0.36, 0.0 (0.13–3.33) 34.38% 2.12, 0.0 (0.28–25.38) 0.12
Atrazine   20% 0.82, 0.0 (0.42–7.29) 54.17% 1.63, 0.43 (0.33–14.88) 43.75% 4.66, 0.0 (0.21–45.26) 0.02
Chlorimuron–ethyl   6.67% 0.30, 0.0 (3.51–5.35) 20.83% 0.25, 0.0 (0.46–1.97) 15.63% 0.11, 0.0 (0.20–1.38) 0.04
Metolachlor   83.33% 0.33, 0.13 (0.01–2.45) 75% 0.36, 0.20 (0.20–1.45) 71.88% 0.58, 0.11 (0.01–7.13) 0.003
DEET Repellent 100% 3.82, 1.37 (0.10–21.12) 100% 2.48, 0.82 (0.08–20.33) 100% 2.91, 0.55 (0.07–26.20) 0.004
Methoxyfenozide Insect growth regulator 3.33% <LOD, 0.0 (0.16–0.16) 8.33% 0.06, 0.0 (0.48–0.91) 9.38% 0.35, 0.0 (0.42–10.25) 0.06
Spinetoram Fermentation product insecticide 10% <LOD, 0.0 (0.10–1.03) 16.67% <LOD, 0.0 (0.13–0.46) 15.63% <LOD, 0.0 (0.10–0.75) 0.08
Spinosad   6.67% 0.06, 0.0 (0.87 –1.01) 8.33% 0.05, 0.0 (0.57–0.64) 9.38% 0.03, 0.0 (0.16–0.44) 0.03
Acetamiprid Neonicotinoid ND . 12.5% 0.04, 0.0 (0.07–0.65) 28.13% 0.32, 0.07 (0.04–4.69) 0.03
Clothianidin   3.33% 0.16, 0.0 (4.66–4.66) 16.67% 0.20, 0.0 (0.70–1.79) 21.88% 0.66, 0.0 (0.64–9.37) 0.09
Dinotefuran   10% <LOD, 0.0 (4.85–6.31) 4.17% <LOD, 0.0 (4.08–4.08) 3.13% <LOD, 0.0 (4.52–4.52) 0.97
Imidacloprid   6.67% <LOD, 0.0 (0.94–1.05) ND . ND . 0.69
Thiacloprid   ND . 4.17% <LOD, 0.0 (0.39–0.39) 3.13% <LOD, 0.0 (0.25–0.25) 0.12
Thiamethoxam   10% 0.12, 0.0 (0.52–1.69) 33.33% 0.23, 0.0 (0.18–1.82) 21.88% 0.08, 0.0 (0.07–0.95) 0.04
Coumaphos Organophosphate 16.67% 0.32, 0.0 (0.70–4.21) 20.83% 0.25, 0.0 (0.25–4.05) 9.38% <LOD, 0.0 (0.26–1.44) 0.24
Diazinon   10% 0.13, 0.0 (0.15–2.22) 16.67% 0.08, 0.0 (0.20–0.74) 15.63% 0.04, 0.0 (0.08–0.43) 0.007
Dimethoate   3.33% 0.01, 0.0 (0.34–0.34) 20.83% 0.08, 0.0 (0.03–1.43) 15.63% <LOD, 0.0 (0.12–0.14) 0.01
T-Fluvalinate Pyrethroid 10% <LOD, 0.0 (2.31–14.48) 4.17% <LOD, 0.0 (5.88–5.88) ND . 1.13
Phenothrin   30% 47.6, 0.0 (34.92–343.76) 16.67% 84.5, 0.0 (250.39–728.85) 28.13% 195.4, 0.0 (274.13–1,955) 1.28
Prallethrin   46.67% 29.0, 0.0 (6.49–236.78) 25% 5.53, 0.0 (5.59–55.06) 15.63% 5.88, 0.0 (7.24–144.46) 0.68
Tetramethrin   6.67% 0.15, 0.0 (0.70–4.10) 8.33% 0.04, 0.0 (0.18–0.68) 6.25% 0.02, 0.0 (0.30–0.42) 0.02
λ-Cyhalothrin   10% 0.22, 0.0 (1.39–3.39) 16.67% 0.37, 0.0 (0.16–5.69) 12.5% 0.50, 0.0 (0.103–6.13) 0.005

DEET, N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide; LOD, limit of detection; ND, not detected.

Colonies were placed in a non-agricultural area, adjacent to a maize field grown from untreated seed and adjacent to a maize field grown from seed treated with neonicotinoids and fungicides.