Table 3. The average risk (%) posed by pesticide residues in pollen collected by honey bees placed in a non-agricultural area.
| Date |
Active Ingredient (AI) |
Synergies | Total Weekly Risk | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clothianidin | Coumaphos | Diazinon | Dinotefuran | Imidacloprid | Phenothrin | Prallethrin | Tetramethrin | Thiamethoxam | λ-cyhalothrin | Propiconazole+λ -cyhalothrin | ||
| Use* | ST | DP, S | DP, G, LC | G, S | C, G, D, ST | D, S | S | S | ST | C, D | C, D | |
| 24-May | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 |
| 31-May | — | C: 0.02 | C: 0.03 | — | O: 0.02C: 0.05 | C: 6.1 | C: 184 | C: 0.09 | O: 0.03C: 0.13 | — | — | O: 0.05C: 191 |
| 7-Jun | O: 0.13C: 0.19 | C: 0.01 | — | — | — | — | — | — | O: 0.11C: 0.42 | O: 0.04C: 0.34 | C: 13.5 | O: 0.28C: 14.4 |
| 14-Jun | — | — | — | — | — | — | C: 171 | — | — | O: 0.02C: 0.14 | C: 5.5 | O: 0.02C: 177 |
| 20-Jun | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 |
| 27-Jun | — | — | — | O: 0.08C: 0.48 | — | — | C: 9.0 | — | — | — | — | O: 0.08C: 9.5 |
| 5-Jul | — | — | — | — | — | — | C: 81.3 | — | — | O: 0.02C: 0.18 | C: 6.9 | O: 0.02C: 88.4 |
| 12-Jul | — | C: 0.01 | C: 0.02 | O: 0.08C: 0.48 | O: 0.02C: 0.06 | C: 27.7 | C: 0.01 | O: 0.10C: 0.37 | — | — | O: 0.20C: 28.7 | |
| 19-Jul | — | — | — | — | — | — | C: 5.0 | — | — | — | — | O: 0C: 5.0 |
| 26-Jul | — | — | — | — | — | — | C: 16.2 | — | — | — | — | O: 0C: 16.2 |
| 2-Aug | — | — | — | — | — | — | C: 78.8 | — | — | — | — | O: 0C: 78.8 |
| 9-Aug | — | — | — | — | — | — | C: 66.9 | — | — | — | — | O: 0C: 66.9 |
| 16-Aug | — | — | — | — | — | C: 34.8 | C: 17.2 | — | — | — | — | O: 0C: 52.0 |
| 23-Aug | — | — | — | O: 0.10C: 0.63 | — | C: 20.2 | — | — | — | — | O: 0.10C: 20.8 | |
| 30-Aug | — | — | — | — | — | C: 61.2 | C: 18.6 | — | — | — | — | O: 0C: 79.7 |
| 13-Sep | — | — | — | — | — | C: 42.2 | — | — | — | — | — | O: 0C: 42.2 |
| Total seasonal risk/AI | 0.32 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 1.85 | 0.15 | 164.5 | 675.7 | 0.10 | 1.16 | 0.74 | 25.9 | |
Oral (O) and contact (C) risks are based on the residue load, frequency of detection, and reported individual or synergistic lethal doses (LD50) of active ingredients. Low risk values: 0.1–1.0; Moderate risk values: 1–5; High risk values: >5. Risk values < 0.01 not shown. Note: Dashes denote no detection of active ingredients. Italicized values denote relevant seasonal risk values for honey bees.
*C, liquid, soluble, or emulsifiable concentrate; D, dusts or dustable powder; G, granules; S, spray; SD, soil drench; ST, seed treatment.