Table 4. The average risk (%) posed by pesticide residues in pollen collected by honey bees placed next to an untreated maize field.
| Date |
Active ingredient (AI) |
Synergies |
Total weekly risk | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clothianidin | Diazinon | Dinotefuran | Phenothrin | Prallethrin | Tetramethrin | Thiamethoxam | λ-cyhalothrin | Propiconazole+Acetamiprid | Propiconazole+Thiacloprid | Propiconazole+λ-cyhalothrin | ||
| Use* | ST | DP, G, LC | G, S | D, S | S | S | ST | C, D | D, S | C, G, S | C, D | |
| 24 May | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 |
| 31 May | O: 0.22C: 0.34 | — | — | — | C: 11.9 | — | O: 0.26C: 1.00 | — | — | — | — | O: 0.48C: 13.24 |
| 7 June | — | — | — | — | C: 2.64 | — | O: 0.47C: 1.82 | O: 0.06C: 0.47 | — | — | C: 18 | O: 0.53C: 22.93 |
| 14 June | O: 0.24C: 0.37 | — | — | — | C: 22.9 | — | O: 0.28C: 1.06 | O: 0.11C: 0.95 | — | — | C: 36.7 | O: 0.63C: 61.98 |
| 20 June | — | — | — | — | C: 2.33 | — | O: 0.04C: 0.15 | C: 0.03 | — | — | C: 1.19 | O: 0.04C: 3.7 |
| 27 Jun | — | C: 0.03 | — | — | — | C: 0.02 | — | — | — | — | — | C: 0.05 |
| 5 July | O: 0.09C: 0.14 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | O: 0.09C: 0.14 |
| 12 July | — | — | — | — | — | — | O: 0.09C: 0.35 | C: 0.03 | C: 0.21 | — | C: 1.00 | O: 0.09C: 1.59 |
| 19 July | — | — | O: 0.03C: 0.17 | — | — | — | — | — | C: 0.06 | O: 0.02C: 0.12 | — | O: 0.05C: 0.35 |
| 26 July | — | — | — | — | — | — | O: 0.04C: 0.16 | — | — | — | — | O: 0.04C: 0.16 |
| 2 August | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 |
| 9 August | O: 0.20C: 0.31 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | O: 0.20C: 0.31 |
| 16 August | — | — | — | C: 91.3 | C: 17.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | C: 108.9 |
| 23 August | — | — | — | C: 32.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | C: 32.1 |
| 30 August | — | — | — | C: 42.3 | C: 13.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | C: 55.7 |
| 13 September | — | — | — | C: 93.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | C: 93.5 |
| Total seasonal risk/AI | 1.91 | 0.03 | 0.20 | 259.2 | 70.77 | 0.02 | 5.72 | 1.65 | 0.27 | 0.14 | 56.89 | |
Oral (O) and contact (C) risks are based on the residue load, frequency of detection and reported individual or synergistic lethal doses (LD50) of active ingredients. Low risk values: 0.1–1.0; moderate risk values: 1–5; high risk values: > 5. Risk values <0.01 not shown. Dashes denote no detection of active ingredients. Italicized values denote relevant seasonal risk values for honey bees.
*C, liquid, soluble, or emulsifiable concentrate; D, dusts or dustable powder; G, granules; S, spray; SD, soil drench; ST, seed treatment.