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. 2016 May 31;7:11629. doi: 10.1038/ncomms11629

Table 4. The average risk (%) posed by pesticide residues in pollen collected by honey bees placed next to an untreated maize field.

Date Active ingredient (AI)
Synergies
Total weekly risk
  Clothianidin Diazinon Dinotefuran Phenothrin Prallethrin Tetramethrin Thiamethoxam λ-cyhalothrin Propiconazole+Acetamiprid Propiconazole+Thiacloprid Propiconazole+λ-cyhalothrin  
Use* ST DP, G, LC G, S D, S S S ST C, D D, S C, G, S C, D  
24 May 0
31 May O: 0.22C: 0.34 C: 11.9 O: 0.26C: 1.00 O: 0.48C: 13.24
7 June C: 2.64 O: 0.47C: 1.82 O: 0.06C: 0.47 C: 18 O: 0.53C: 22.93
14 June O: 0.24C: 0.37 C: 22.9 O: 0.28C: 1.06 O: 0.11C: 0.95 C: 36.7 O: 0.63C: 61.98
20 June C: 2.33 O: 0.04C: 0.15 C: 0.03 C: 1.19 O: 0.04C: 3.7
27 Jun C: 0.03 C: 0.02 C: 0.05
5 July O: 0.09C: 0.14 O: 0.09C: 0.14
12 July O: 0.09C: 0.35 C: 0.03 C: 0.21 C: 1.00 O: 0.09C: 1.59
19 July O: 0.03C: 0.17 C: 0.06 O: 0.02C: 0.12 O: 0.05C: 0.35
26 July O: 0.04C: 0.16 O: 0.04C: 0.16
2 August 0
9 August O: 0.20C: 0.31 O: 0.20C: 0.31
16 August C: 91.3 C: 17.6 C: 108.9
23 August C: 32.1 C: 32.1
30 August C: 42.3 C: 13.4 C: 55.7
13 September C: 93.5 C: 93.5
Total seasonal risk/AI 1.91 0.03 0.20 259.2 70.77 0.02 5.72 1.65 0.27 0.14 56.89  

Oral (O) and contact (C) risks are based on the residue load, frequency of detection and reported individual or synergistic lethal doses (LD50) of active ingredients. Low risk values: 0.1–1.0; moderate risk values: 1–5; high risk values: > 5. Risk values <0.01 not shown. Dashes denote no detection of active ingredients. Italicized values denote relevant seasonal risk values for honey bees.

*C, liquid, soluble, or emulsifiable concentrate; D, dusts or dustable powder; G, granules; S, spray; SD, soil drench; ST, seed treatment.