Table 5. The average risk (%) posed by pesticide residues in pollen collected by honey bees placed next to a pesticide-treated maize field.
| Date |
Active ingredient (AI) |
Synergies |
Total weekly risk | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetamiprid | Carbaryl | Clothianidin | Diazinon | Dinotefuran | Phenothrin | Prallethrin | Thiamethoxam | λ-cyhalothrin | Propiconazole+Acetamiprid | Propiconazole+Thiacloprid | Propiconazole+λ-cyhalothrin | ||
| Use* | S, SD | C, D, G, S | ST | DP, G, LC | G, S | D, S | S | ST | C, D | D, S | C, G, S | C, D | |
| 24 May | — | O: 0.01C: 0.03 | O: 0.11C: 0.18 | — | — | — | — | O: 0.13C: 0.52 | — | — | — | — | O: 0.25C: 0.73 |
| 31 May | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 |
| 7 June | — | — | — | — | — | — | C: 2.88 | C: 0.04 | O: 0.15C: 1.23 | — | — | C: 40.4 | O: 0.15C: 44.55 |
| 14 June | — | — | — | — | — | — | C: 37.6 | — | O: 0.09C: 0.77 | C: 0.01 | — | C: 25.1 | O: 0.09C: 63.48 |
| 20 June | — | C: 0.02 | O: 2.37C: 3.65 | — | — | — | — | C: 0.05 | — | — | — | — | O: 2.37C: 3.72 |
| 27 June | — | — | — | C: 0.01 | — | — | — | O: 0.02C: 0.39 | C: 0.01 | — | — | C: 0.42 | O: 0.02C: 0.83 |
| 5 July | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 |
| 12 July | C: 0.01 | O: 0.07C: 0.19 | — | — | O: 0.02C: 0.14 | — | — | C: 0.11 | — | C: 2.86 | — | — | O: 0.09C: 3.31 |
| 19 July | — | — | — | — | — | — | C: 1.89 | — | — | C: 0.18 | — | — | C: 2.07 |
| 26 July | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 |
| 2 August | — | — | O: 0.15C: 0.24 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | O: 0.15C: 0.24 |
| 9 August | — | — | — | — | — | C: 42.4 | C: 2.94 | — | — | C: 0.01 | — | — | C: 45.35 |
| 16 August | — | — | O: 0.58C: 0.89 | — | — | C: 82.3 | C: 3.73 | — | — | C: 0.01 | — | — | O: 0.58C: 86.93 |
| 23 August | — | — | O: 0.52C: 0.80 | — | — | C: 142.2 | — | C: 0.10 | — | C: 0.18 | — | — | O: 0.52C: 143.28 |
| 30 August | — | — | — | C: 0.01 | — | C: 95.1 | — | O: 0.10C: 0.20 | — | C: 0.17 | C: 0.05 | — | O: 0.01C: 95.53 |
| 13 September | — | — | — | — | — | C: 314.3 | — | — | — | C: 0.02 | — | — | C: 314.32 |
| Total seasonal risk/AI | 0.01 | 0.32 | 9.49 | 0.02 | 0.16 | 676.3 | 49.04 | 1.57 | 2.25 | 3.44 | 0.05 | 65.92 | |
Oral (O) and contact (C) risks are based on the residue load, frequency of detection, and reported individual or synergistic lethal doses (LD50) of active ingredients. Low risk values: 0.1–1.0; moderate risk values: 1–5; high risk values: >5. Risk values <0.01 not shown. Dashes denote no detection of active ingredients. Italicized values denote relevant seasonal risk values for honey bees.
*C, liquid, soluble, or emulsifiable concentrate; D, dusts, dustable powder, or wettable powder; G, granules; S, spray; SD, soil drench; ST, seed treatment.