Table 2.

Statistical indices of peak forces of the bipolar forceps over 1000-second period of robot-assisted surgery for each glioma case.

	Case I	Case II	Case III	Case IV	Case V	Case VI	Case VII
Number of peak forces	127	123	201	153	177	135	117
Max	2.57	2.89	2.68	2.75	2.88	2.68	2.87
Min	0.52	0.52	0.50	0.52	0.64	0.52	0.97
Mean ± SD	1.36 ± 0.47	1.50 ± 0.40	1.27 ± 0.44	1.37 ± 0.49	1.52 ± 0.58	1.41 ± 0.56	1.89 ± 0.41
Skewness	0.26	−1.68	−0.60	0.81	1.65	−1.32	−1.95
Kurtosis	1.20	−1.42	0.74	0.09	0.97	1.01	1.68